# Surlignages par couleur dans un livre de lectures

> Un livre de lectures d’histoire dont les mots clés portent trois couleurs (vert pour les termes, ambre pour les dates, bleu pour les noms) tirées de markStyles.

- Version HTML: https://postext.dev/fr/cookbook/colour-coded-study-highlights
- Recette Nº 180 · Caractères et texte · Niveau 2 (Intermédiaire) · Sorties: Canvas
- Genres: Manuels scolaires
- Nécessite postext ≥ 1.65.0 · testée avec 1.65.0 le 2026-10-31
- Pages: [1](https://postext.dev/cookbook/colour-coded-study-highlights/en/p01.webp?v=d1c18f3b), [2](https://postext.dev/cookbook/colour-coded-study-highlights/en/p02.webp?v=d1c18f3b), [3](https://postext.dev/cookbook/colour-coded-study-highlights/en/p03.webp?v=d1c18f3b), [4](https://postext.dev/cookbook/colour-coded-study-highlights/en/p04.webp?v=d1c18f3b)
- Ouvrir dans le Sandbox: https://postext.dev/fr/sandbox#recipe=colour-coded-study-highlights&lang=en (.postext: https://postext.dev/cookbook/colour-coded-study-highlights/en/colour-coded-study-highlights.postext)
- Dernière mise à jour: 2026-10-31
- Autres langues: [en](https://postext.dev/en/cookbook/colour-coded-study-highlights.md), [es](https://postext.dev/es/cookbook/colour-coded-study-highlights.md), [ca](https://postext.dev/ca/cookbook/colour-coded-study-highlights.md), [de](https://postext.dev/de/cookbook/colour-coded-study-highlights.md), [it](https://postext.dev/it/cookbook/colour-coded-study-highlights.md), [pt](https://postext.dev/pt/cookbook/colour-coded-study-highlights.md), [zh](https://postext.dev/zh/cookbook/colour-coded-study-highlights.md), [ja](https://postext.dev/ja/cookbook/colour-coded-study-highlights.md), [ar](https://postext.dev/ar/cookbook/colour-coded-study-highlights.md)

## En bref

Une lecture scolaire sur l’histoire de l’imprimerie. Les termes clés sont surlignés en vert, les dates en ambre, les personnes et les lieux en bleu, et une légende en première page dit ce que veut dire chaque couleur.

## Ce que vous allez composer

La lecture 2 d’une unité d’un livre scolaire d’histoire, *Readings in Early Modern History* : quatre pages sur la façon dont l’imprimerie a gagné l’Europe depuis Mayence entre 1450 et 1550, sur une page de 170 × 240 mm. Les éditeurs ont marqué le texte comme le ferait un bon élève, avec un code qui reste le même dans tout le livre : les termes clés sur une bande verte, les dates sur de l’ambre, les personnes et les lieux sur du bleu pâle. Une légende sous le titre explique le code avec les trois couleurs elles-mêmes, et le glossaire de la dernière page ouvre chaque entrée sur son terme vert. Les marques sont des bandes sous du texte ordinaire : les lignes se coupent, se divisent et se justifient comme si elles n’étaient pas là.

**Cette recette répond à:**

- Comment surligner un texte d’étude avec des couleurs qui ont chacune un sens : termes, dates et noms ?

## La réponse courte

```js
// script.js, lignes 37–52
// :mark[Mainz]{style="name"} in the text picks a style by id. The band is painted under
// words that stay ordinary text, so the lines break, hyphenate and justify as if the
// mark were not there, and a mark that runs over a line end gets a band on each line.
const band = (id, name) => ({
  id, name,
  background: col(id), // pale enough for ink at full contrast on top
  color: col('ink'), // the words keep the colour of the text
  // borderRadius: 0 is the default (square ends, as a highlighter pen leaves them)
  paddingX: em(0.12), // the band reaches a little past the first and the last letter
  paddingTop: em(0.04), paddingBottom: em(0.1), // and down past the descenders
});
const markStyles = [
  band('term', t({ en: 'Key term', es: 'Término clave' })),
  band('date', t({ en: 'Date', es: 'Fecha' })),
  band('name', t({ en: 'Name', es: 'Nombre' })),
];
```

## Ingrédients

**Enseigne**

- [Surlignages](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/document-format-inline.md#surlignages): Une bande de couleur derrière une phrase, comme un manuel surligne ses mots clés : les mots restent du texte ordinaire et passent à la ligne, la bande suit chaque morceau.

**Utilise aussi**

- [Encadrés](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-callouts.md#styles-dencadré)
- [Palette de couleurs sémantique](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-fonts-colors-viewers.md#palette-de-couleurs)
- [Ouvertures composées](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-headings.md#étendue-et-maquette-avancée)
- [Images dans les maquettes de page](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-headers-footers.md#éléments-image)
- [Attributs de titre](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/document-format.md#attributs-de-titre)
- [Titres courants et folios](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-headers-footers.md#en-têtes-et-pieds-de-page)
- [Titres courants selon le rôle de la page](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-headers-footers.md#éléments-de-texte)
- [Marges en miroir](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#marges-en-miroir)
- [Styles de paragraphe](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-styles.md#styles-de-paragraphe)
- [Veuves, orphelines et fins de paragraphe trop courtes](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-page-flow.md#orphelines-veuves-lignes-creuses-et-règles-de-maintien)
- [Bibliographies et glossaires](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-styles.md#styles-de-paragraphe)
- [Figure et Tableau dans votre langue](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-resources.md#types-de-ressources)
- [Types de ressource personnalisés](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-resources.md#types-de-ressources)
- [Figures et tableaux comme ressources](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/document-format-resources.md#ressources)

**La configuration en un coup d’œil**

- [`bodyText`](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-text.md#texte-courant), [`calloutStyles`](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-callouts.md#styles-dencadré), [`captionStyle`](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-resources.md#style-de-légende), [`colorPalette`](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-fonts-colors-viewers.md#palette-de-couleurs), [`footer`](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-headers-footers.md#en-têtes-et-pieds-de-page), [`header`](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-headers-footers.md#en-têtes-et-pieds-de-page), [`headings`](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-headings.md#titres), [`layout`](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#mise-en-page), [`locale`](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-language.md#césure), [`markStyles`](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-styles.md#styles-de-surlignage), [`orderedLists`](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-lists-math.md#listes-numérotées), [`page`](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#page), [`paragraphStyles`](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-styles.md#styles-de-paragraphe), [`resourceTypes`](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-resources.md#types-de-ressources), [`unorderedLists`](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-lists-math.md#listes-à-puces)

**API**

- [`buildDocumentWithFonts`](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#charger-les-polices-avant-la-mise-en-page), [`defaultResourceTypes`](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-resources.md#types-de-ressources), [`registerResourceImage`](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/architecture.md#surface-de-lapi), [`renderPageToCanvas`](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#rendre-une-page-en-bitmap)

**Caractères**

- Source Serif 4 (OFL-1.1), Source Sans 3 (OFL-1.1)

## Préparation

### 1 · Un style par sorte de mot

Le code est [la réponse courte](https://postext.dev/fr/cookbook/colour-coded-study-highlights.md#la-réponse-courte) plus haut. `markStyles` déclare trois styles nommés, et le texte en choisit un pour chaque marque : `:mark[Johann Fust]{style="name"}`, `:mark[1455]{style="date"}`, `:mark[colophon]{style="term"}` ([surlignages](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/document-format-inline.md#surlignages)). Chaque style dit ce qu’il signifie (`name` est ce que voit la personne qui édite) : le Markdown garde la raison pour laquelle un mot est marqué, pas la couleur qu’il porte. Changez la couleur d’un style, et toutes les dates du livre changent avec elle. Les extrémités sont droites, comme par défaut depuis postext 1.52 ([styles de surlignage](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-styles.md#styles-de-surlignage)) : un surligneur laisse des bouts droits, et une bande arrondie se lit comme une pastille.

### 2 · Trois teintes de la palette

```js
// script.js, lignes 14–29
const palette = {
  ink: '#1f1c19', // text: a warm near-black
  accent: '#8a3220', // kickers, rules, numbers: an iron-gall red
  tint: '#f5f0e7', // the key's background
  rule: '#d3cabc', // hairlines
  muted: '#6b645b', // running heads, colophon
  paper: '#ffffff',
  term: '#cce8c8', // key terms: a pale green
  date: '#fbe0a1', // dates: amber
  name: '#cfe0f4', // people and places: a pale blue
};
const col = (id) => ({ hex: palette[id], model: 'hex', paletteId: id });
const colorPalette = [
  ...Object.entries(palette).map(([id, hex]) => ({ id, name: id, value: { hex, model: 'hex' } })),
  { id: 'main-color', name: 'accent (defaults)', value: { hex: palette.accent, model: 'hex' } },
];
```

Les trois bandes sont des entrées de la palette, comme l’encre et l’accent : qui ouvre le livre dans le Sandbox peut changer le code depuis une seule nuance. Elles sont pâles, d’une clarté proche du fond de l’encadré, et le texte posé dessus garde un contraste de 12,6:1 ou plus ; les trois restent distinctes quand elles se suivent sur une ligne, comme à « In 1517 Martin Luther » en page 3. Une marque ne prend pas de place : `paddingX` entre de 0,12 em dans l’espace à côté de la phrase et `paddingBottom` descend la bande sous les jambages, les deux peints dans un espace qui existait déjà.

### 3 · L’ouverture : une peinture au-dessus du titre

```js
// script.js, lignes 56–81
const opener = {
  enabled: true,
  minHeight: mm(122), // the floor of the opener: the key starts on the same line
  marginBottom: pt(0),
  slot: {
    elements: [
      { kind: 'image', id: 'press', resourceId: 'press', fit: 'cover',
        placement: { anchor: { to: 'page', edge: 'top-left' },
          size: { width: mm(170), height: mm(96) } } },
      { kind: 'text', id: 'kicker', content: '{attr.kicker}', fontFamily: SANS,
        fontSize: pt(8.5), fontWeight: 700, letterSpacing: pt(1.6),
        textTransform: 'uppercase', color: col('accent'), align: 'left',
        placement: { anchor: { to: 'container', edge: 'top-left' },
          offset: { x: mm(0), y: mm(82) } } },
      { kind: 'text', id: 'title', content: '{titleText}', fontFamily: SERIF,
        fontSize: pt(26), lineHeight: 1.08, fontWeight: 700, color: col('ink'), align: 'left',
        placement: { anchor: { to: '#kicker', edge: 'below' }, offset: { x: mm(0), y: mm(2) },
          size: { width: mm(126), height: 'auto' } } },
      { kind: 'text', id: 'standfirst', content: '{attr.standfirst}', fontFamily: SERIF,
        italic: true, fontSize: pt(10.5), lineHeight: LEAD / 10.5, color: col('ink'),
        align: 'left',
        placement: { anchor: { to: '#title', edge: 'below' }, offset: { x: mm(0), y: mm(3) },
          size: { width: mm(118), height: 'auto' } } },
    ],
  },
};
```

Le titre de premier niveau imprime un design. La peinture est ancrée à la page : elle déborde à fond perdu en haut et des deux côtés, 170 sur 96 mm, avec `fit: 'cover'`. Le surtitre et le chapeau viennent d’attributs de la ligne du titre ([attributs de titre](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/document-format.md#attributs-de-titre)), et la légende suit sous la forme d’un `:::callout` ordinaire dont les éléments de liste commencent par les trois marques. `minHeight` fixe la profondeur : la légende commence sur la même ligne quelle que soit la longueur du titre.

### 4 · Titres courants selon la parité

```js
// script.js, lignes 85–106
const head = (id, content, parity, edge, x, extra = {}) => ({
  kind: 'text', id, content, parity, pages: 'body',
  fontFamily: SANS, fontSize: pt(7.5), fontWeight: 600, letterSpacing: pt(1.2),
  textTransform: 'uppercase', color: col('muted'),
  placement: { anchor: { to: 'page', edge }, offset: { x: mm(x), y: mm(13) } },
  ...extra,
});
const folio = { fontWeight: 700, color: col('ink') };
const header = {
  elements: [
    head('verso-folio', '{pageNumber}', 'even', 'top-left', OUTER, folio),
    head('verso-title', '{title}', 'even', 'top-left', OUTER + 9),
    head('recto-title', '{chapterTitle}', 'odd', 'top-right', -(OUTER + 9)),
    head('recto-folio', '{pageNumber}', 'odd', 'top-right', -OUTER, folio),
  ],
};
const footer = {
  elements: [head('drop-folio', '{pageNumber}', 'all', 'top', 0, {
    ...folio, pages: 'opener',
    placement: { anchor: { to: 'container', edge: 'top' }, offset: { x: mm(0), y: mm(9) } },
  })],
};
```

La page paire porte le titre de la collection et la page impaire celui de la lecture, filtrés par `parity` et tenus hors de l’ouverture par `pages: 'body'` ([éléments de texte](https://postext.dev/fr/docs/configuration-headers-footers.md#éléments-de-texte)). L’ouverture porte son folio en pied de page.

## La recette complète

Un seul fichier, composé à partir du dossier de la recette avec le texte d’exemple et le kit commun des Recettes déjà inclus ; il construit sa propre page. Pour l’exécuter, placez-le dans un `<script type="module">` d’une page vide ou collez-le dans le panneau JS d’un nouveau pen CodePen (en tant que module). Il importe postext depuis esm.sh : il n’y a rien à installer ni à compiler.

- Dossier de la recette: https://github.com/drnachio/postext/tree/main/cookbook/colour-coded-study-highlights

### script.js

```js
// ═══ Postext Cookbook · Nº 180 · Colour-coded highlights in a study reader ════════
// https://postext.dev/en/cookbook/colour-coded-study-highlights
// Code: MIT · Text: original (CC BY 4.0) · Picture: painting made for the recipe
// Fonts: Source Serif 4, Source Sans 3 (SIL OFL 1.1) · Needs postext ≥ 1.65.0
import {
  buildDocumentWithFonts, renderPageToCanvas, registerResourceImage, defaultResourceTypes,
} from 'https://esm.sh/postext';

const LANG = 'en'; // @lang: the language of the sample document ('en' | 'es')
const RECIPE = 'colour-coded-study-highlights';

// ─── 1 · Design ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// #region palette: semantic colours, three of them for the highlighter
const palette = {
  ink: '#1f1c19', // text: a warm near-black
  accent: '#8a3220', // kickers, rules, numbers: an iron-gall red
  tint: '#f5f0e7', // the key's background
  rule: '#d3cabc', // hairlines
  muted: '#6b645b', // running heads, colophon
  paper: '#ffffff',
  term: '#cce8c8', // key terms: a pale green
  date: '#fbe0a1', // dates: amber
  name: '#cfe0f4', // people and places: a pale blue
};
const col = (id) => ({ hex: palette[id], model: 'hex', paletteId: id });
const colorPalette = [
  ...Object.entries(palette).map(([id, hex]) => ({ id, name: id, value: { hex, model: 'hex' } })),
  { id: 'main-color', name: 'accent (defaults)', value: { hex: palette.accent, model: 'hex' } },
];
// #endregion
const OUTER = 20; // outer margin in mm: the running heads align to it
const LEAD = 14.5; // body leading in pt
const SANS = 'Source Sans 3';
const SERIF = 'Source Serif 4';

// #region answer: three highlight styles, one per kind of word, linked to the palette
// :mark[Mainz]{style="name"} in the text picks a style by id. The band is painted under
// words that stay ordinary text, so the lines break, hyphenate and justify as if the
// mark were not there, and a mark that runs over a line end gets a band on each line.
const band = (id, name) => ({
  id, name,
  background: col(id), // pale enough for ink at full contrast on top
  color: col('ink'), // the words keep the colour of the text
  // borderRadius: 0 is the default (square ends, as a highlighter pen leaves them)
  paddingX: em(0.12), // the band reaches a little past the first and the last letter
  paddingTop: em(0.04), paddingBottom: em(0.1), // and down past the descenders
});
const markStyles = [
  band('term', t({ en: 'Key term', es: 'Término clave' })),
  band('date', t({ en: 'Date', es: 'Fecha' })),
  band('name', t({ en: 'Name', es: 'Nombre' })),
];
// #endregion

// #region opener: the painting bleeds off the top of the page, the title sits under it
const opener = {
  enabled: true,
  minHeight: mm(122), // the floor of the opener: the key starts on the same line
  marginBottom: pt(0),
  slot: {
    elements: [
      { kind: 'image', id: 'press', resourceId: 'press', fit: 'cover',
        placement: { anchor: { to: 'page', edge: 'top-left' },
          size: { width: mm(170), height: mm(96) } } },
      { kind: 'text', id: 'kicker', content: '{attr.kicker}', fontFamily: SANS,
        fontSize: pt(8.5), fontWeight: 700, letterSpacing: pt(1.6),
        textTransform: 'uppercase', color: col('accent'), align: 'left',
        placement: { anchor: { to: 'container', edge: 'top-left' },
          offset: { x: mm(0), y: mm(82) } } },
      { kind: 'text', id: 'title', content: '{titleText}', fontFamily: SERIF,
        fontSize: pt(26), lineHeight: 1.08, fontWeight: 700, color: col('ink'), align: 'left',
        placement: { anchor: { to: '#kicker', edge: 'below' }, offset: { x: mm(0), y: mm(2) },
          size: { width: mm(126), height: 'auto' } } },
      { kind: 'text', id: 'standfirst', content: '{attr.standfirst}', fontFamily: SERIF,
        italic: true, fontSize: pt(10.5), lineHeight: LEAD / 10.5, color: col('ink'),
        align: 'left',
        placement: { anchor: { to: '#title', edge: 'below' }, offset: { x: mm(0), y: mm(3) },
          size: { width: mm(118), height: 'auto' } } },
    ],
  },
};
// #endregion

// #region running-heads: series title on the verso, reading title on the recto
const head = (id, content, parity, edge, x, extra = {}) => ({
  kind: 'text', id, content, parity, pages: 'body',
  fontFamily: SANS, fontSize: pt(7.5), fontWeight: 600, letterSpacing: pt(1.2),
  textTransform: 'uppercase', color: col('muted'),
  placement: { anchor: { to: 'page', edge }, offset: { x: mm(x), y: mm(13) } },
  ...extra,
});
const folio = { fontWeight: 700, color: col('ink') };
const header = {
  elements: [
    head('verso-folio', '{pageNumber}', 'even', 'top-left', OUTER, folio),
    head('verso-title', '{title}', 'even', 'top-left', OUTER + 9),
    head('recto-title', '{chapterTitle}', 'odd', 'top-right', -(OUTER + 9)),
    head('recto-folio', '{pageNumber}', 'odd', 'top-right', -OUTER, folio),
  ],
};
const footer = {
  elements: [head('drop-folio', '{pageNumber}', 'all', 'top', 0, {
    ...folio, pages: 'opener',
    placement: { anchor: { to: 'container', edge: 'top' }, offset: { x: mm(0), y: mm(9) } },
  })],
};
// #endregion

const config = {
  locale: t({ en: 'en-us', es: 'es' }),
  resourceTypes: defaultResourceTypes(LANG),
  colorPalette,
  markStyles,
  page: {
    sizePreset: 'custom', width: mm(170), height: mm(240), dpi: 150,
    margins: { top: mm(22), bottom: mm(22), left: mm(22), right: mm(OUTER), mirror: true },
  },
  layout: { layoutType: 'single' },
  bodyText: {
    fontFamily: SERIF, fontSize: pt(10.5), lineHeight: pt(LEAD), color: col('ink'),
    boldColor: col('ink'), italicColor: col('ink'), referenceColor: col('ink'),
    textAlign: 'justify', firstLineIndent: mm(4.5), indentAfterHeading: false,
    hyphenation: { enabled: true }, optimalLineBreaking: true,
    avoidWidows: true, avoidOrphans: true, avoidRunts: true,
  },
  headings: {
    fontFamily: SERIF, color: col('ink'), fontWeight: 700,
    levels: [
      { level: 1, fontSize: pt(26), breakBefore: { parity: 'odd' }, advancedDesign: opener },
      { level: 2, fontFamily: SANS, fontSize: pt(12), lineHeight: pt(LEAD), fontWeight: 700,
        color: col('accent'), marginTop: pt(LEAD), marginBottom: pt(0) },
    ],
  },
  unorderedLists: { bulletChar: '–', color: col('accent'), fontWeight: 400,
    marginTop: pt(0), marginBottom: pt(0) },
  orderedLists: { numberFormat: 'arabic', color: col('accent'), fontWeight: 700,
    marginTop: pt(0), marginBottom: pt(0) },
  paragraphStyles: [
    // The glossary: each green term opens its entry, the turnovers hang 1.5 em.
    { id: 'glossary', fontSize: pt(9.5), lineHeight: pt(13), textAlign: 'left',
      hangingIndent: em(1.5) },
    { id: 'colophon', fontFamily: SANS, fontSize: pt(7.5), lineHeight: pt(10),
      color: col('muted'), textAlign: 'left', firstLineIndent: pt(0), marginTop: pt(LEAD) },
  ],
  // The key: a tint with a top stripe, its title in the label face.
  calloutStyles: [
    { id: 'key', title: t({ en: 'Key', es: 'Clave' }), background: col('tint'),
      stripe: { enabled: true, side: 'top', width: pt(2.5), color: col('accent') },
      padding: { top: mm(3), right: mm(4), bottom: mm(3), left: mm(4) },
      titleStyle: { fontFamily: SANS, fontSize: pt(8), fontWeight: 700,
        textTransform: 'uppercase', letterSpacing: pt(1.2), color: col('accent') },
      body: { fontFamily: SANS, fontSize: pt(9.5), lineHeight: pt(13), color: col('ink'),
        firstLineIndent: pt(0), textAlign: 'left', boldColor: col('ink'),
        italicColor: col('ink') } },
  ],
  captionStyle: { fontFamily: SANS, fontSize: pt(8), color: col('ink'), labelBold: true,
    labelColor: col('accent'), note: { color: col('muted') } },
  header,
  footer,
};

// ─── 2 · Content ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
const markdown = String.raw`---
title: "Readings in Early Modern History"
author: "Study edition"
---

# How Printing Spread Across Europe {kicker="Unit 4 · Reading 2" standfirst="In a hundred years a craft from one German town filled Europe with books. This reading follows the press from Mainz to more than two hundred towns and asks what changed when books became cheap."}

:::callout{type="key" title="Reading the highlights"}
The editors have marked three kinds of words in this reading. Use the same colours in your own notes.

- :mark[Key term]{style="term"}: a word the glossary at the end of the unit defines.
- :mark[Date]{style="date"}: a year or a period to place on your timeline.
- :mark[Name]{style="name"}: a person or a place in the story.
:::

## A workshop in Mainz

Around :mark[1450]{style="date"} a goldsmith named :mark[Johannes Gutenberg]{style="name"} was running a printing workshop in :mark[Mainz]{style="name"}, a city on the Rhine. Printing itself was not new. Printers in China had cut whole pages into wooden blocks for centuries, and Korean printers had cast metal type by the :mark[thirteenth century]{style="date"}. What Gutenberg put together was a system that suited the twenty-odd letters of the Latin alphabet.

The system had four parts. The first was :mark[movable type]{style="term"}: single letters cast in metal, set in lines, printed and then put back in the case for the next page. A hand mould cast thousands of identical letters from an alloy of lead, tin and antimony. An ink made with linseed oil clung to the metal where a watery ink would have run off. And a :mark[screw press]{style="term"}, of the kind used to press grapes and to flatten wet paper, pushed the paper evenly onto the inked type.

The first large book from the workshop was a Latin Bible in two volumes, set in two columns of 42 lines, finished by :mark[1455]{style="date"}. About 180 copies were printed, most on paper and some on vellum. A single scribe could spend years copying one Bible; the workshop produced its whole edition in about the same time.

Gutenberg had borrowed heavily to build all this. His lender, the Mainz merchant :mark[Johann Fust]{style="name"}, took him to court in :mark[1455]{style="date"} and kept much of the equipment. Fust carried on the business with :mark[Peter Schöffer]{style="name"}, who had trained in the workshop. Their Psalter of :mark[1457]{style="date"} is the first printed book whose :mark[colophon]{style="term"}, the closing note of a book, names its printers and the day it was finished.

## The craft travels

For about ten years printing stayed close to Mainz. In :mark[1462]{style="date"} the city was sacked in a war between two rival archbishops, and many of its craftsmen left. Printers trained on the Rhine set up wherever they found readers, paper and money: at :mark[Subiaco]{style="name"}, near Rome, in :mark[1465]{style="date"}; in :mark[Venice]{style="name"} in :mark[1469]{style="date"}; in :mark[Paris]{style="name"}, in rooms at the Sorbonne, in :mark[1470]{style="date"}. A press was at work in :mark[Segovia]{style="name"} around :mark[1472]{style="date"}, and :mark[Valencia]{style="name"} had one by :mark[1474]{style="date"}.

:mark[William Caxton]{style="name"}, an English merchant who had learned the craft in :mark[Cologne]{style="name"}, set up his press at :mark[Westminster]{style="name"} in :mark[1476]{style="date"}. Most printers of the time worked in Latin, the language of the Church and the universities, and sold across borders. Caxton printed mostly in the :mark[vernacular]{style="term"}, the language people spoke at home: romances, histories and Chaucer's *Canterbury Tales*, for readers who had no Latin.

Books printed before :mark[1501]{style="date"} are called :mark[incunabula]{style="term"}, from the Latin word for a cradle: the books of printing's infancy. Catalogues today list about 30,000 editions from those fifty years. By :mark[1500]{style="date"} presses had worked in more than 250 towns, and estimates of the copies they printed run from eight to twenty million.

## Venice and the pocket book

By the end of the century :mark[Venice]{style="name"} had more printing houses than any other city in Europe. It had paper mills on the mainland, ships to carry books to every port of the Mediterranean, and buyers with money. :mark[Aldus Manutius]{style="name"} opened his press there in the :mark[mid-1490s]{style="date"} and printed the Greek classics in editions prepared by scholars. His books carried a printer's mark, a dolphin wrapped round an anchor, so that buyers could tell them from the copies other printers soon made.

In :mark[1501]{style="date"} Aldus issued a Virgil in :mark[octavo]{style="term"}, a sheet folded three times to make sixteen pages, so that the book fitted in a hand. It was set in a slanting letter cut by :mark[Francesco Griffo]{style="name"}, which we now call :mark[italic]{style="term"}. The narrow letters fitted more words on each line, so the small books needed less paper and cost less. Readers could carry a poet in a pocket instead of reading him at a desk.

## Print and the Reformation

In :mark[1517]{style="date"} :mark[Martin Luther]{style="name"}, who taught theology at :mark[Wittenberg]{style="name"}, wrote ninety-five theses against the sale of indulgences. Printers in several German cities reprinted them within weeks. Luther went on to write short :mark[pamphlets]{style="term"} in German: a few pages each, quick to set, cheap to buy and easy to pass from hand to hand. Historians estimate that between :mark[1518]{style="date"} and :mark[1525]{style="date"} his writings made up about a third of all the books printed in German.

His opponents answered in print too, and the quarrel over the Church was argued in thousands of pamphlets read aloud in taverns and market squares. Printing did not cause the Reformation, but it carried each side's arguments further and faster than any preacher could.

## Check your reading

1. Name the four parts of Gutenberg's system, and say what each one did.
2. Why did the sack of Mainz in 1462 help printing to spread?
3. What is a colophon, and why would a historian be glad to find one?
4. Caxton chose the vernacular. Who were his readers, and why did that choice sell books?
5. Put the amber dates of this reading on a timeline from 1450 to 1525.

## Glossary

:::paragraphs{style="glossary"}
**:mark[colophon]{style="term"}** A note at the end of a book that gives the printer, the place and the date of printing.

**:mark[incunabula]{style="term"}** Books printed in Europe before 1501. One such book is an incunable.

**:mark[italic]{style="term"}** A slanting style of type, first cut by Francesco Griffo for Aldus Manutius.

**:mark[movable type]{style="term"}** Single letters cast one by one, which can be set in lines, printed and used again.

**:mark[octavo]{style="term"}** A book whose sheets are folded three times, giving sixteen pages to the sheet.

**:mark[pamphlet]{style="term"}** A short booklet of a few unbound pages, quick and cheap to print.

**:mark[screw press]{style="term"}** A press in which a turning screw drives a flat plate down onto the paper and the type.

**:mark[vernacular]{style="term"}** The language people speak at home, as opposed to Latin.
:::

:::paragraphs{style="colophon"}
Set in Source Serif 4 and Source Sans 3 (SIL Open Font License) · Text: original, CC BY 4.0 · Opening picture: a painting made for this edition.
:::
`; // content.<lang>.md: the reading, its key and questions

// #region art: a printing workshop around 1460, a painting in assets/ (no lettering)
const resources = [{ id: 'press', typeId: 'figure', kind: 'bitmap', createdAt: 0, updatedAt: 0,
  bitmap: { fileId: 'press-1400.jpg', format: 'jpeg', width: 1400, height: 790 },
  altText: t({
    en: 'A printing workshop: a compositor picks type from a case by the window while a '
      + 'pressman pulls the bar of a wooden screw press; printed sheets hang drying overhead.',
    es: 'Un taller de imprenta: un cajista toma tipos de la caja junto a la ventana mientras '
      + 'un prensista tira de la barra de una prensa de husillo; arriba se secan los pliegos.',
  }) }];
await loadImage(resources[0].bitmap.fileId, asset(resources[0].bitmap.fileId));
// #endregion

// ─── 3 · Fonts ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
const FONTS = {
  'Source Serif 4': ['400', '400i', '700'],
  'Source Sans 3': ['400', '600', '700'],
};

// ─── 4 · Build & show ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
const doc = await buildDocumentWithFonts({ markdown, resources }, config, kitFonts(FONTS));
showPages(doc, { title: t({ en: 'A study reader in three highlight colours',
  es: 'Un libro de lecturas resaltado en tres colores' }) });

// ─── Kit ── helpers shared by every Cookbook recipe · postext.dev/cookbook ─────

// ─── Kit · core v1 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook
function mm(value) { return { value, unit: 'mm' }; }
function pt(value) { return { value, unit: 'pt' }; }
function em(value) { return { value, unit: 'em' }; }
/** The sample language's string: t({ en: 'Figure', es: 'Figura' }). */
function t(strings) { return strings[LANG] ?? Object.values(strings)[0]; }
/** A file in this recipe's assets folder, served from the Postext repo by jsDelivr. */
function asset(file) { return `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/drnachio/postext@main/cookbook/${RECIPE}/assets/${file}`; }

// ─── Kit · fonts v3 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook
// Postext loads the faces a config asks for before layout and asks the kit
// for Fontsource's files, the ones the PDF embeds too.

/** buildDocumentWithFonts' options: the resolver, and FONTS' faces loaded
 *  with the config's. FONTS = { 'Family Name': ['400', '400i', '700'] }. */
function kitFonts(FONTS = {}) {
  const faces = Object.entries(FONTS).flatMap(([family, specs]) => specs.map((spec) =>
    ({ family, weight: parseInt(spec, 10), style: spec.endsWith('i') ? 'italic' : 'normal' })));
  return { resolve: fontsourceResolver, faces };
}

/** A face's files with their ranges: latin, then latin-ext and greek when
 *  `text` needs them (kitSubsetsFor). Null for a face Fontsource lacks. */
async function fontsourceResolver(family, weight, style, { text = '' } = {}) {
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  const meta = await fontsourceMeta(family);
  if (meta && !(await fontsourceWeights(family, style)).includes(weight)) return null;
  kitStatus('Loading fonts…');
  const at = await fontsourceAt(id);
  return ['latin', ...kitSubsetsFor(text, meta)].map((subset) => ({
    source: `${at}files/${id}-${subset}-${weight}-${style}.woff2`,
    unicodeRange: kitRanges()[subset],
  }));
}

/** Each file's unicode-range (a function: the kit runs after the pen's code). */
function kitRanges() {
  return {
    latin: 'U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,'
      + 'U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD',
    'latin-ext': 'U+0100-02BA,U+02BD-02C5,U+02C7-02CC,U+02CE-02D7,U+02DD-02FF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,'
      + 'U+1D00-1DBF,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20C0,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF',
    greek: 'U+0370-03FF',
  };
}

/** For the cjk, arabic and comics blocks: loads `faces` (as FONTS) for the
 *  sample `text`; `optional` skips a face Fontsource lacks. Files are added in
 *  the order asked, the last winning a shared character. Resolves to the count. */
async function loadFonts(faces, text = '', { optional = false } = {}) {
  kitStatus('Loading fonts…');
  const ranges = kitRanges();
  const jobs = [];
  for (const [family, specs] of Object.entries(faces)) {
    const id = fontsourceId(family);
    const todo = [...new Set(specs)].map((spec) => [parseInt(spec, 10), spec.endsWith('i') ? 'italic' : 'normal'])
      .filter(([weight, style]) => !hasFace(family, weight, style)); // before any await
    const at = fontsourceAt(id);
    const meta = optional || /[^\0-ÿ]/u.test(text) ? await fontsourceMeta(family) : null;
    const subsets = ['latin', ...kitSubsetsFor(text, meta)];
    for (const [weight, style] of todo) {
      if (optional && !(meta && (await fontsourceWeights(family, style)).includes(weight))) continue;
      for (const subset of subsets) {
        const url = `${await at}files/${id}-${subset}-${weight}-${style}.woff2`;
        const face = new FontFace(family, `url(${url}) format('woff2')`,
          { weight: String(weight), style, unicodeRange: ranges[subset] });
        jobs.push(face.load().catch(() => {
          if (subset === 'latin' && !optional) throw new Error(`Fontsource has no ${family} ${weight} ${style}`);
        }));
      }
    }
  }
  const ready = await Promise.all(jobs).catch((error) => { kitFail(error); throw error; });
  return ready.filter((face) => face && document.fonts.add(face)).length;
}

/** A loaded FontFace covers this face (fonts.check() says yes to any family). */
function hasFace(family, weight, style) {
  for (const face of document.fonts) {
    if (face.status !== 'loaded' || face.style !== style) continue;
    if (face.family.replace(/^["']|["']$/g, '') !== family) continue;
    const [low, high = low] = face.weight.split(' ').map(Number);
    if (weight >= low && weight <= high) return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/** The files beyond latin `text` needs that `meta`'s family ships. */
function kitSubsetsFor(text, meta) {
  return [[/[Ā-˿ᴀ-ᶿḀ-ỿ†ℓⱠ-Ɀ꜠-ꟿ]/u, 'latin-ext'], [/[Ͱ-Ͽ]/u, 'greek']]
    .filter(([re, x]) => re.test(text) && meta?.subsets?.includes(x)).map(([, x]) => x);
}

/** Fontsource's id for a family: 'Source Serif 4' → 'source-serif-4'. */
function fontsourceId(family) { return family.toLowerCase().replace(/\s+/g, '-'); }

/** A package's folder at the one version @5 names now (#766). */
function fontsourceAt(id, u = `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fontsource/${id}@`) {
  return (fontsourceAt.c ??= {})[id] ??= fetch(u + '5/package.json').then((r) => r.json())
    .then((p) => p.version || 5, () => 5).then((v) => `${u}${v}/`);
}

/** The family's Fontsource metadata (weights, styles, subsets), or null. */
function fontsourceMeta(family, id = fontsourceId(family)) {
  return (fontsourceMeta.c ??= {})[id] ??= fetch(`https://api.fontsource.org/v1/fonts/${id}`)
    .then((res) => (res.ok ? res.json() : null), () => null);
}

/** The weights the package ships in `style`: the API pairs none (no Libre
 *  Caslon 700 italic file), so italics are read from latin-italic.css. */
function fontsourceWeights(family, style, id = fontsourceId(family)) {
  return (fontsourceWeights.c ??= {})[id + style] ??= fontsourceMeta(family).then(async (m) => {
    if (!m?.styles.includes(style)) return m ? [] : [400, 700];
    const css = style === 'italic' ? await fetch(`${await fontsourceAt(id)}latin-italic.css`).then((r) => (r.ok ? r.text() : ''), () => '') : '';
    const w = [...css.matchAll(/weight: (\d+)/g)].map((x) => +x[1]);
    return w.length ? w : m.weights;
  });
}

// ─── Kit · viewer v2 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook
/** The pages as spreads on a dark desk, page 1 alone, then verso | recto,
 *  each painted when it scrolls near. Other options go to renderPageToCanvas. */
function showPages(docs, { title, width = 460, ...render } = {}) {
  const root = viewer(title);
  const pages = [docs].flat().flatMap((doc) =>
    doc.pages.map((page) => ({ doc, page, n: (doc.pageIndexOffset ?? 0) + page.index })));
  const spreads = [];
  let verso = null;
  for (const p of pages) {
    if (p.n % 2 === 1) { if (verso) spreads.push([verso, null]); verso = p; }
    else { spreads.push([verso, p]); verso = null; }
  }
  if (verso) spreads.push([verso, null]);
  const density = Math.min(window.devicePixelRatio || 1, 2);
  showPages.painter?.disconnect();
  const painter = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => {
    for (const { isIntersecting, target } of entries) {
      if (!isIntersecting) continue;
      painter.unobserve(target);
      const { doc, page } = target.postext;
      renderPageToCanvas(page, doc, target, { ...render, scale: (width * density) / page.width });
    }
  }, { rootMargin: '800px' });
  showPages.painter = painter;
  root.replaceChildren(...spreads.map((pair) => {
    const spread = document.createElement('div');
    spread.className = 'pt-spread';
    for (const p of pair) {
      const figure = document.createElement('figure');
      if (p) {
        const label = p.page.pageLabel || String(p.n + 1);
        const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
        canvas.postext = p;
        canvas.style.aspectRatio = `${p.page.width} / ${p.page.height}`;
        canvas.setAttribute('role', 'img');
        canvas.setAttribute('aria-label', `Page ${label}`);
        const folio = document.createElement('figcaption');
        folio.textContent = label;
        figure.append(canvas, folio);
        painter.observe(canvas);
      } else figure.className = 'pt-blank';
      spread.append(figure);
    }
    return spread;
  }));
  kitStatus(`${pages.length} ${pages.length === 1 ? 'page' : 'pages'}`);
  document.documentElement.dataset.postext = 'ready';
  return pages.length;
}

/** The desk, the bar and the error reporting, created once. */
function viewer(title) {
  if (!document.getElementById('pt-kit')) {
    document.head.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', `<style id="pt-kit">
      :root { color-scheme: dark; }
      body { margin: 0; background: #0e1014; color: #b9bcc4; font: 13px/1.45 system-ui, sans-serif; }
      #pt-bar { position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 1; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center;
        gap: 6px 16px; padding: 10px 16px; background: rgb(14 16 20 / .92); backdrop-filter: blur(6px);
        border-bottom: 1px solid #23262d; }
      #pt-bar strong { color: #f4f1ea; font-weight: 600; }
      #pt-actions { display: flex; gap: 12px; margin-left: auto; }
      #pt-actions a, #pt-actions button { color: #d8a21a; font: inherit; background: none; border: 0; padding: 0; cursor: pointer; }
      #pages { display: grid; justify-items: center; gap: 48px; padding: 32px 16px 72px; }
      .pt-spread { display: flex; }
      .pt-spread figure { margin: 0; width: min(460px, 44vw); }
      .pt-spread canvas { display: block; width: 100%; background: #fff;
        box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / .5), 0 22px 44px -16px rgb(0 0 0 / .8); }
      .pt-spread figure:first-child canvas { box-shadow: inset -14px 0 14px -14px rgb(0 0 0 / .18), 0 1px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / .5), 0 22px 44px -16px rgb(0 0 0 / .8); }
      .pt-spread figcaption { margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; font: 600 10px/1 system-ui, sans-serif;
        letter-spacing: .18em; text-transform: uppercase; color: #6c7079; }
      .pt-blank { visibility: hidden; }
      @media (max-width: 760px) {
        .pt-spread { flex-direction: column; gap: 32px; }
        .pt-spread figure { width: min(460px, 92vw); }
        .pt-blank { display: none; }
      }
    </style>`);
    document.body.insertAdjacentHTML('afterbegin',
      '<header id="pt-bar"><strong id="pt-title"></strong><span id="pt-status" role="status"></span><span id="pt-actions"></span></header>');
    document.getElementById('pt-title').textContent = document.title || 'Postext';
    addEventListener('error', (event) => kitFail(event.error ?? event.message));
    addEventListener('unhandledrejection', (event) => kitFail(event.reason));
  }
  if (title) document.getElementById('pt-title').textContent = title;
  return document.getElementById('pages')
    ?? document.body.appendChild(Object.assign(document.createElement('main'), { id: 'pages' }));
}

function kitStatus(text) {
  viewer();
  document.getElementById('pt-status').textContent = text;
}

function kitFail(error) {
  document.documentElement.dataset.postext = 'error';
  kitStatus(`Error: ${error?.message ?? error}`);
}

// ─── Kit · images v3 ── recipes with pictures · postext.dev/cookbook
/** Registers a photo or PNG for the canvas and keeps its bytes for the PDF.
 *  fetch → ImageBitmap never taints the canvas (a plain cross-origin <img> would). */
async function loadImage(fileId, url) {
  const res = await fetch(url);
  if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`Image not found (${res.status}): ${url}`);
  const bytes = new Uint8Array(await res.arrayBuffer());
  registerResourceImage(fileId, await createImageBitmap(new Blob([bytes])));
  (loadImage.bytes ??= new Map()).set(fileId, bytes);
}

/** Registers SVG markup as a vector image, its fonts inside (inlineSvgFonts, ≥ 1.25).
 *  `options` go to registerResourceImage: { singleInk: true } tints it on the canvas. */
async function loadSvg(fileId, svg, options) {
  if (typeof inlineSvgFonts === 'function') svg = await inlineSvgFonts(svg, svgFaces);
  const img = new Image();
  img.src = `data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,${encodeURIComponent(svg)}`;
  await img.decode();
  registerResourceImage(fileId, img, options);
  (loadImage.bytes ??= new Map()).set(fileId, new TextEncoder().encode(svg));
}

/** A face's Fontsource files: nearest weight; latin + what the SVG sets. */
async function svgFaces(family, weight, style, { codePoints = [] } = {}) {
  const [id, m] = [fontsourceId(family), await fontsourceMeta(family)];
  const w = m?.weights.reduce((a, b) => (Math.abs(b - weight) < Math.abs(a - weight) ? b : a)) ?? weight;
  const s = m?.styles.includes(style) === false ? 'normal' : style;
  return Promise.all(['latin', ...kitSubsetsFor(String.fromCodePoint(...codePoints), m)].map(async (x) => new Uint8Array(
    await (await fetch(`${await fontsourceAt(id)}files/${id}-${x}-${w}-${s}.woff2`)).arrayBuffer())));
}

/** renderToPdf({ resourceBytes: imageBytes }) */
function imageBytes(fileId) { return loadImage.bytes?.get(fileId); }

/** renderToHtml({ resourceImageUrl: imageUrl }) */
function imageUrl(fileId) {
  const bytes = imageBytes(fileId);
  if (!bytes) return undefined;
  imageUrl.urls ??= new Map();
  if (!imageUrl.urls.has(fileId)) {
    const type = /\.svg$/i.test(fileId) ? 'image/svg+xml' : /\.png$/i.test(fileId) ? 'image/png' : 'image/jpeg';
    imageUrl.urls.set(fileId, URL.createObjectURL(new Blob([bytes], { type })));
  }
  return imageUrl.urls.get(fileId);
}

// ─── /Kit ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
```

## Variantes

### Arrondir les bouts des bandes

Un rayon d’un cinquième du corps donne les bouts adoucis d’un feutre.

```diff
-  // borderRadius: 0 is the default (square ends, as a highlighter pen leaves them)
+  borderRadius: em(0.2), // soft ends, as a felt-tip pen leaves them
```

### Donner à chaque ligne sa propre bande

Avec `decorationBreak: 'clone'`, une marque qui passe à la ligne reçoit la marge aux deux bouts de chaque morceau, comme en page 3, où « pamphlets » se coupe après « pam- ».

```diff
   paddingX: em(0.12), // the band reaches a little past the first and the last letter
+  decorationBreak: 'clone', // each line piece gets a whole band
```

## Erreurs fréquentes

- La couleur seule ne survit pas à une photocopie en noir et blanc, qui est la façon dont beaucoup de lectures arrivent en classe. Le glossaire met en plus les termes en gras ; si vos lecteurs photocopient les pages, donnez à l’une des trois sortes un second signe qui lui soit propre.
- Un identifiant de style que `markStyles` ne déclare pas prend le premier style, sans erreur sur la page (le Sandbox le signale). Gardez des identifiants courts et vérifiez leur orthographe dans le texte.

## Crédits

- Recette: Ignacio Ferro ([@drnachio](https://github.com/drnachio))
- Texte: The reading, its key, the review questions and the colophon: Ignacio Ferro, CC-BY-4.0
- Images: The printing workshop on the opening page, a painting: Generated With Diffusion Models, original
- Caractères: Source Serif 4 (OFL-1.1), Source Sans 3 (OFL-1.1)
- Code: MIT · Contenu d’exemple: CC-BY-4.0

## Recettes liées

- [Nº 076 · Un abécédaire en pinyin : la lecture sur chaque caractère](https://postext.dev/fr/cookbook/pinyin-primer.md): Ruby mono dans un livre de lecture de Hong Kong : {人之初|rén zhī chū} centre une syllabe pinyin sur chaque caractère, en Andika, dans un interligne de 28 pt. · Niveau 2 (Intermédiaire) · Manuels scolaires, Cahiers et exercices
- [Nº 163 · Un manuel d’harmonie aux exemples musicaux en ABC](https://postext.dev/fr/cookbook/harmony-textbook-abc-examples.md): Un chapitre sur les cadences dont les exemples sont des blocs ABC dans le Markdown, gravés à la largeur de la colonne ; l’un d’eux continue sur deux pages. · Niveau 2 (Intermédiaire) · Manuels scolaires
- [Nº 122 · Le kanbun avec ses signes de lecture et sa lecture japonaise](https://postext.dev/fr/cookbook/kanbun-kundoku.md): Trois maximes des Entretiens et un quatrain Tang comme dans un manuel japonais : signes de retour et okurigana vermillon, lecture en kana sous chaque passage. · Niveau 2 (Intermédiaire) · Manuels scolaires