# Un’edizione maghrebina di un testo arabo, con cifre europee

> Un capitolo arabo per il Marocco: il locale 'ar-MA' tiene il testo da destra a sinistra e rilegato a destra, e scrive ogni numero generato come 1, 2, 3.

- Versione HTML: https://postext.dev/it/cookbook/maghreb-edition-european-digits
- Ricetta Nº 109 · Caratteri e testo · Livello 1 (Base) · Output: Canvas, PDF
- Generi: Manuali, guide e opere di consultazione
- Richiede postext ≥ 1.25.0, postext-pdf ≥ 1.25.0 · provata con 1.31.0, postext-pdf 1.31.0 il 2026-10-13
- Pagine: [41](https://postext.dev/cookbook/maghreb-edition-european-digits/en/p01.webp?v=e32d7921), [42](https://postext.dev/cookbook/maghreb-edition-european-digits/en/p02.webp?v=e32d7921), [43](https://postext.dev/cookbook/maghreb-edition-european-digits/en/p03.webp?v=e32d7921), [44](https://postext.dev/cookbook/maghreb-edition-european-digits/en/p04.webp?v=e32d7921)
- PDF: https://postext.dev/cookbook/maghreb-edition-european-digits/en/maghreb-edition-european-digits.pdf?v=e32d7921
- Apri nella Sandbox: https://postext.dev/it/sandbox#recipe=maghreb-edition-european-digits&lang=en (.postext: https://postext.dev/cookbook/maghreb-edition-european-digits/en/maghreb-edition-european-digits.postext)
- Ultimo aggiornamento: 2026-10-10
- Altre lingue: [en](https://postext.dev/en/cookbook/maghreb-edition-european-digits.md), [es](https://postext.dev/es/cookbook/maghreb-edition-european-digits.md), [ca](https://postext.dev/ca/cookbook/maghreb-edition-european-digits.md), [de](https://postext.dev/de/cookbook/maghreb-edition-european-digits.md), [fr](https://postext.dev/fr/cookbook/maghreb-edition-european-digits.md), [pt](https://postext.dev/pt/cookbook/maghreb-edition-european-digits.md), [zh](https://postext.dev/zh/cookbook/maghreb-edition-european-digits.md), [ja](https://postext.dev/ja/cookbook/maghreb-edition-european-digits.md), [ar](https://postext.dev/ar/cookbook/maghreb-edition-european-digits.md)

## In breve

In Marocco, Algeria e Tunisia i libri in arabo stampano i numeri con le cifre usate in Europa, 1, 2, 3, non con ١، ٢، ٣. Una sola impostazione, la lingua e il paese del documento, dà quelle cifre a tutto il libro.

## Che cosa comporrai

Un capitolo di una guida alle città antiche del Marocco, sulle porte di Fès, come lo stamperebbe un editore marocchino: 13,5 × 21 cm, Noto Naskh Arabic a 12,5 pt, titoli in Noto Kufi Arabic nel verde delle maioliche di Fès. Il testo va da destra a sinistra e il libro è rilegato a destra, come ogni libro arabo, ma ogni numero sulla pagina si scrive 1, 2, 3: i folio da 41 a 44, الفصل 3, i numeri di sezione 3-1 e 3-2, l’elenco delle porte da 1- a 5-, i richiami di nota (1) e il numero della figura شكل 3-1. È l’uso del Maghreb, dal Marocco alla Tunisia, e la pagina lo mostra con una sola impostazione. [Un romanzo arabo rilegato a destra](https://postext.dev/it/cookbook/arabic-novel-right-bound.md) mostra lo stesso libro con le cifre ١٢ del Mashriq.

**Questa ricetta risponde a:**

- Come stampo cifre europee (1, 2, 3) in un libro arabo per un’edizione del Maghreb?

## La risposta breve

```js
// script.js, righe 40–67
const config = () => ({
  // Written out, never LANG (gotcha: arabic-locale-tag). The Moroccan tag keeps the text right
  // to left and the binding on the right, and sets numerals: 'auto' to European digits: the
  // folios, the chapter and section numbers, the list, the notes and the figure number.
  locale: 'ar-MA',
  colorPalette,
  page: { width: mm(135), height: mm(210), dpi: 150, pageNumbering: { startAt: 41 },
    margins: { top: mm(22), bottom: mm(22), left: mm(19), right: mm(16), mirror: true } },
  layout: { layoutType: 'single' },
  bodyText: { fontFamily: TEXT, fontSize: pt(12.5), lineHeight: pt(20.5), color: col('ink'),
    boldColor: col('ink'), italicColor: col('ink'), referenceColor: col('ink'),
    textAlign: 'justify', firstLineIndent: em(1.5), indentAfterHeading: false },
  headings: { fontFamily: LABEL, fontWeight: 700, color: col('green'), levels: [
    // A chapter opens on an odd page, with no blank page forced before it.
    { level: 1, fontSize: pt(26), lineHeight: pt(41), numberingTemplate: 'الفصل {1}',
      numberSeparator: ': ', breakBefore: { enabled: true, parity: 'odd' },
      marginTop: pt(0), marginBottom: pt(10) },
    { level: 2, fontSize: pt(13), lineHeight: pt(20.5), numberingTemplate: '{1}-{2}',
      numberSeparator: '  ', marginTop: pt(20.5), marginBottom: pt(0) },
  ] },
  orderedLists, footnotes, captionStyle,
  paragraphStyles: [{ id: 'colophon', fontFamily: TEXT, fontSize: pt(8.5), lineHeight: pt(11),
    color: col('muted'), textAlign: 'left', firstLineIndent: pt(0), marginTop: pt(20.5) }],
  header: { elements: [] },
  footer: { elements: [{ kind: 'text', id: 'folio', content: '{pageNumber}', fontFamily: LABEL,
    fontSize: pt(9), color: col('muted'), align: 'center',
    placement: { anchor: { to: 'page', edge: 'bottom' }, offset: { y: mm(-12) } } }] },
});
```

## Ingredienti

**Insegna**

- [Cifre dei numeri generati](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#lingua-del-documento): numerals ('auto', 'latn', 'arab', 'arabext') sceglie le cifre di ogni numero che il motore scrive: folio, numeri di elenchi e note, contatori di titoli e figure, le pagine dell’indice generale e dell’indice analitico. 'auto' segue locale: ١٢٣ per l’arabo, 1 2 3 nel Maghreb (ar-MA, ar-DZ, ar-TN). Il testo dell’autore non viene mai riscritto.

**Usa anche**

- [Testo da destra a sinistra](https://postext.dev/it/docs/arabic-layout.md#direzione-e-algoritmo-bidirezionale)
- [L’arabo come lingua del documento](https://postext.dev/it/docs/arabic-layout.md#iniziare-un-libro-arabo)
- [Libri rilegati a destra](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#rilegatura)
- [Font arabi](https://postext.dev/it/docs/arabic-layout.md#font)
- [Carattere del testo corrente](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#testo-corrente)
- [Titoli numerati](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#sovrascritture-per-livello)
- [Note a piè di pagina](https://postext.dev/it/docs/document-format.md#note-a-piè-di-pagina)
- [Elenchi numerati](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#elenchi-numerati)
- [Stile delle didascalie](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-resources.md#stile-delle-didascalie)
- [Esportazione in PDF](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#generare-pdf)
- [Paragrafi nell’altra direzione](https://postext.dev/it/docs/arabic-layout.md#direzione-del-documento-del-blocco-e-in-linea)
- [Attributi dei titoli](https://postext.dev/it/docs/document-format.md#attributi-dei-titoli)
- [Figure proprio qui](https://postext.dev/it/docs/document-format.md#inserimento-di-blocco-facoltativo-collocazione-in-linea-esplicita)
- [Stili di paragrafo](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-di-paragrafo)
- [Font incorporati nel PDF](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#perché-un-provider-di-font)
- [Figure e tabelle come risorse](https://postext.dev/it/docs/document-format.md#risorse)
- [Pagine preliminari in numeri romani](https://postext.dev/it/docs/document-format.md#numbering)

**La configurazione in breve**

- [`bodyText`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#testo-corrente), [`captionStyle`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-resources.md#stile-delle-didascalie), [`colorPalette`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-fonts-colors-viewers.md#tavolozza-dei-colori), [`footer`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#intestazioni-e-piè-di-pagina), `footnotes`, [`header`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#intestazioni-e-piè-di-pagina), [`headings`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#titoli), [`layout`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#impaginazione), [`locale`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#sillabazione), [`orderedLists`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#elenchi-numerati), [`page`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#pagina), [`paragraphStyles`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-di-paragrafo)

**API**

- [`buildDocument`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#costruire-un-documento), [`decompressWoff2`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#provider-di-font-per-il-browser-fontsource--woff2), [`registerResourceImage`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/architecture.md#superficie-dellapi), [`renderPageToCanvas`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#rendere-una-pagina-come-bitmap), [`renderToPdf`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#generare-pdf), [`withLoadedFonts`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#caricare-i-font-prima-dellimpaginazione)

**Caratteri**

- Noto Naskh Arabic (OFL-1.1), Noto Kufi Arabic (OFL-1.1)

## Preparazione

### 1 · Il paese sceglie le cifre

Il codice è nella [risposta breve](https://postext.dev/it/cookbook/maghreb-edition-european-digits.md#la-risposta-breve) qui sopra. `numerals` resta su `'auto'`, e il motore ricava le cifre dal tag: `ar-MA`, `ar-DZ`, `ar-TN`, `ar-LY`, `ar-MR` e `ar-EH` danno cifre europee, `ar` da solo e le regioni del Mashriq danno ١٢٣ ([Cifre e stili numerici](https://postext.dev/it/docs/arabic-layout.md#cifre-e-stili-di-numerazione)). Cambiano solo i numeri che scrive il motore: il folio, i contatori dei titoli, i numeri degli elenchi, i richiami di nota, i numeri delle figure. Gli anni nel testo, 789 e 1913, sono dell’autore, scritti nelle cifre dell’edizione, e il motore non li riscrive mai. Lo `{startAt=3}` del titolo legge ٣ come 3, così lo stesso Markdown serve entrambe le edizioni.

### 2 · I segni attorno ai numeri

```js
// script.js, righe 29–36
// «1-» and «(1)», as Arabic books write them; the number itself follows numerals.
const orderedLists = { color: col('green'), fontWeight: 700, marginTop: pt(0),
  marginBottom: pt(0), levels: [{ level: 1, numberFormat: 'arabic', separator: '-' }] };
const footnotes = { markerTemplate: '({n})', numbering: 'page', noteNumberPosition: 'inline',
  fontSize: pt(10), lineHeight: pt(15), separator: { width: 0.3, color: col('green') } };
// A colon after the label: a full stop after a number reads as a decimal point.
const captionStyle = { fontFamily: TEXT, fontSize: pt(10), color: col('ink'), labelBold: true,
  labelColor: col('green'), labelSeparator: ': ', note: { color: col('muted') } };
```

I libri arabi scrivono un numero di elenco seguito da un trattino, 1-, e un richiamo di nota tra parentesi, (1); entrambi i modelli prendono le cifre del documento, quindi l’edizione del Mashriq stampa ١- e (١) con le stesse impostazioni ([Note a piè di pagina](https://postext.dev/it/docs/arabic-layout.md#note-a-piè-di-pagina)). L’etichetta della didascalia finisce con i due punti, شكل 3-1:, perché un punto dopo un numero si legge come separatore decimale. Le note ricominciano da (1) a ogni pagina, come le numera la maggior parte dei libri arabi.

### 3 · Una fascia di maioliche disegnata nel codice

```js
// script.js, righe 120–148
// The star is two squares turned 45°; between four stars a small square. Paths only.
const star = (cx, cy, r) => {
  const pts = [];
  for (let k = 0; k < 16; k++) {
    const a = (k * Math.PI) / 8;
    const d = k % 2 ? r * 0.7654 : r; // where the two squares' sides cross
    pts.push(`${(cx + d * Math.sin(a)).toFixed(2)} ${(cy - d * Math.cos(a)).toFixed(2)}`);
  }
  return `M${pts.join('L')}Z`;
};
function zellige(W, H, S) {
  let stars = '';
  let inner = '';
  let squares = '';
  for (let y = 0; y <= H + S; y += S) {
    for (let x = 0; x <= W + S; x += S) {
      stars += star(x, y, S * 0.47);
      inner += star(x, y, S * 0.2);
      squares += `M${x + S / 2} ${y + S / 2 - S * 0.17}l${S * 0.17} ${S * 0.17}`
        + `l${-S * 0.17} ${S * 0.17}l${-S * 0.17} ${-S * 0.17}Z`;
    }
  }
  return `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="${W * 10}" height="${H * 10}" `
    + `viewBox="0 0 ${W} ${H}"><rect width="${W}" height="${H}" fill="${palette.green}"/>`
    + `<path d="${stars}" fill="${palette.cobalt}" stroke="${palette.paper}" stroke-width="0.5"/>`
    + `<path d="${inner}" fill="${palette.paper}"/>`
    + `<path d="${squares}" fill="${palette.ochre}" stroke="${palette.paper}" stroke-width="0.4"/>`
    + '</svg>';
}
```

La figura è un SVG generato nel pen: stelle a otto punte fatte di due quadrati ruotati di 45°, piccoli quadrati tra l’una e l’altra, nel verde, nel cobalto e nell’ocra della palette. La sua didascalia è in arabo in entrambe le edizioni, numerata per capitolo, `{h1}-{n}`, come i tipi di risorsa arabi numerano le loro figure.

## La ricetta completa

Un unico file, composto a partire dalla cartella della ricetta con il testo di esempio e il kit comune del Ricettario già inclusi; costruisce la propria pagina. Per eseguirlo, mettilo in uno `<script type="module">` di una pagina vuota, oppure incollalo nel pannello JS di un nuovo pen di CodePen (come modulo). Importa postext da esm.sh: non c’è niente da installare né da compilare.

- Cartella della ricetta: https://github.com/drnachio/postext/tree/main/cookbook/maghreb-edition-european-digits

### script.js

```js
// ═══ Postext Cookbook · Nº 109 · A Maghreb edition of an Arabic text, with European digits ═══
// https://postext.dev/en/cookbook/maghreb-edition-european-digits
// Code: MIT · Text: original Arabic prose (CC BY 4.0) · Pattern: drawn in code
// Fonts: Noto Naskh Arabic, Noto Kufi Arabic (SIL OFL 1.1) · Needs postext ≥ 1.25.0
import {
  buildDocument, withLoadedFonts, renderPageToCanvas, registerResourceImage,
} from 'https://esm.sh/postext';
import { renderToPdf, decompressWoff2 } from 'https://esm.sh/postext-pdf';

const LANG = 'en'; // @lang: the language of the frame; the chapter is Arabic in both editions
const RECIPE = 'maghreb-edition-european-digits';

// ─── 1 · Design ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// The green and cobalt of Fes tilework, on a white book paper.
const palette = {
  ink: '#1c1d1b', // text
  green: '#1d6650', // the accent: headings, the list numbers, the notes' rule
  cobalt: '#25488a', // the tile's second colour
  ochre: '#c99a3e', // the tile's third colour
  muted: '#62655f', // folios, captions' notes, the colophon
  paper: '#ffffff',
};
const col = (id) => ({ hex: palette[id], model: 'hex', paletteId: id });
const colorPalette = Object.entries({ ...palette, 'main-color': palette.green })
  .map(([id, hex]) => ({ id, name: id, value: { hex, model: 'hex' } }));
const [TEXT, LABEL] = ['Noto Naskh Arabic', 'Noto Kufi Arabic'];

// #region marks: list numbers, note markers and figure numbers in the same digits
// «1-» and «(1)», as Arabic books write them; the number itself follows numerals.
const orderedLists = { color: col('green'), fontWeight: 700, marginTop: pt(0),
  marginBottom: pt(0), levels: [{ level: 1, numberFormat: 'arabic', separator: '-' }] };
const footnotes = { markerTemplate: '({n})', numbering: 'page', noteNumberPosition: 'inline',
  fontSize: pt(10), lineHeight: pt(15), separator: { width: 0.3, color: col('green') } };
// A colon after the label: a full stop after a number reads as a decimal point.
const captionStyle = { fontFamily: TEXT, fontSize: pt(10), color: col('ink'), labelBold: true,
  labelColor: col('green'), labelSeparator: ': ', note: { color: col('muted') } };
// #endregion

// #region answer: ar-MA prints 1, 2, 3 in every number the engine writes
const config = () => ({
  // Written out, never LANG (gotcha: arabic-locale-tag). The Moroccan tag keeps the text right
  // to left and the binding on the right, and sets numerals: 'auto' to European digits: the
  // folios, the chapter and section numbers, the list, the notes and the figure number.
  locale: 'ar-MA',
  colorPalette,
  page: { width: mm(135), height: mm(210), dpi: 150, pageNumbering: { startAt: 41 },
    margins: { top: mm(22), bottom: mm(22), left: mm(19), right: mm(16), mirror: true } },
  layout: { layoutType: 'single' },
  bodyText: { fontFamily: TEXT, fontSize: pt(12.5), lineHeight: pt(20.5), color: col('ink'),
    boldColor: col('ink'), italicColor: col('ink'), referenceColor: col('ink'),
    textAlign: 'justify', firstLineIndent: em(1.5), indentAfterHeading: false },
  headings: { fontFamily: LABEL, fontWeight: 700, color: col('green'), levels: [
    // A chapter opens on an odd page, with no blank page forced before it.
    { level: 1, fontSize: pt(26), lineHeight: pt(41), numberingTemplate: 'الفصل {1}',
      numberSeparator: ': ', breakBefore: { enabled: true, parity: 'odd' },
      marginTop: pt(0), marginBottom: pt(10) },
    { level: 2, fontSize: pt(13), lineHeight: pt(20.5), numberingTemplate: '{1}-{2}',
      numberSeparator: '  ', marginTop: pt(20.5), marginBottom: pt(0) },
  ] },
  orderedLists, footnotes, captionStyle,
  paragraphStyles: [{ id: 'colophon', fontFamily: TEXT, fontSize: pt(8.5), lineHeight: pt(11),
    color: col('muted'), textAlign: 'left', firstLineIndent: pt(0), marginTop: pt(20.5) }],
  header: { elements: [] },
  footer: { elements: [{ kind: 'text', id: 'folio', content: '{pageNumber}', fontFamily: LABEL,
    fontSize: pt(9), color: col('muted'), align: 'center',
    placement: { anchor: { to: 'page', edge: 'bottom' }, offset: { y: mm(-12) } } }] },
});
// #endregion

// ─── 2 · Content ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
const markdown = String.raw`---
title: "مدن المغرب العتيقة"
---

# أبواب فاس {startAt=3}

::resource{id="zellige"}

لا يدخل المرء فاس العتيقة كما يدخل مدينة حديثة. فالمدينة التي أسّسها إدريس الأول على الضفة اليمنى لوادي فاس سنة 789، ثم بنى ابنه إدريس الثاني ضفتها الأخرى بعد عشرين عامًا، ظلّت قرونًا محاطة بسور لا تُعبر إلا أبوابه. ومن الباب يبدأ كل شيء: منه تدخل القوافل والبضائع، وعنده تُدفع المكوس، وإليه تُنسب الأحياء والأسواق والمقابر.


وما زال الزائر يلمس هذا النظام إلى اليوم. فالسيارات تقف عند الأبواب، والطرق داخل السور ضيقة لا يمرّ فيها إلا الراجل والحمار والعربة الصغيرة التي يدفعها الحمّال وهو ينادي: «بالاك!» أي: انتبه. ولذلك يختار أهل فاس الباب الذي يدخلون منه بحسب وجهتهم، لا بحسب قربه، كما يختار المسافر الميناء الذي يرسو فيه.

## الأبواب الكبرى

يصعب أن يُحصى عدد أبواب فاس إحصاءً واحدًا، لأن بعضها سُدّ وبعضها فُتح في القرن العشرين، ولأن المؤرخين لا يعدّون الأبواب الصغيرة بين الأحياء. لكن خمسة منها تكفي لرسم صورة المدينة:

1. **باب بوجلود**، المدخل الغربي الذي يعرفه كل زائر. بُني بشكله الحالي سنة 1913، وكُسي من الخارج بزليج أزرق هو لون فاس، ومن الداخل بزليج أخضر هو لون الإسلام.
2. **باب المحروق**، في الشمال الغربي، من العهد الموحدي. تقول الرواية إنه سُمّي بهذا الاسم لأن ثائرًا أُحرق عنده، ولا يثبت ذلك مصدر يُعتمد عليه.
3. **باب الكيسة**، في الشمال، قرب الطريق الصاعد إلى قبور المرينيين، ومنه يُشرف الماشي على المدينة كلها في المساء.
4. **باب الفتوح**، في الجنوب الشرقي، على عدوة الأندلس، وبجانبه مقبرة واسعة تحمل اسمه.
5. **باب الجديد**، في الجنوب، وهو كما يدلّ اسمه أحدث عهدًا من الأبواب الأربعة السابقة، فُتح ليصل المدينة العتيقة بالأحياء التي نشأت خارج سورها.

وليس الترتيب هنا ترتيب أهمية، بل ترتيب الدورة التي يقوم بها الماشي حول السور إذا بدأ من الغرب وسار مع عقارب الساعة. وتستغرق هذه الدورة على القدمين نحو 4 ساعات، إذا لم يتوقف الماشي لشرب الشاي، وهو أمر نادر.[^tour]

## مدينة داخل السور

تمتد فاس البالي داخل أسوارها على نحو 280 هكتارًا، وتضم أكثر من 9000 زقاق، بعضها لا يزيد عرضه على متر واحد. وفي قلبها جامع القرويين، الذي أسّسته فاطمة الفهرية سنة 859، وتحوّل مع الزمن إلى أحد أقدم مراكز التعليم في العالم. وحوله تتوزع الأسواق بحسب الحِرف: سوق العطارين، وسوق النجارين، والدباغة الكبرى التي تُصبغ فيها الجلود في أحواض حجرية كما كانت تُصبغ منذ قرون.

وقد أدرجت منظمة اليونسكو المدينة العتيقة في قائمة التراث العالمي سنة 1981، فصار ترميم الأبواب والأسوار عملًا تتعاقب عليه الهيئات والمهندسون والحرفيون. وفي ورشات الترميم يتعلم الشباب صناعة الزليج من جديد: يُقطع الطين المشويّ قطعًا صغيرة بالمطرقة الحادة، قطعة قطعة، ثم تُصفّ القطع مقلوبة على الأرض حسب الرسم، ويُصبّ عليها الجص، فإذا جفّ قُلبت اللوحة فظهرت النجمة.[^zellige]

## الباب والكتاب

يقول أهل فاس إن من عرف أبواب المدينة عرف المدينة. وقد يصدق هذا على الكتب أيضًا: فلكل كتاب أبوابه، والقارئ الذي يعرف من أين يدخل لا يضيع في أزقته. ولهذا قُسّم هذا الكتاب أبوابًا وفصولًا، ورُقّمت صفحاته بالأرقام التي يقرؤها أهل المغرب في كتبهم وصحفهم ولافتات شوارعهم: 1 و2 و3، لا ١ و٢ و٣.

وليس في ذلك خروج عن العربية. فالأرقام التي يسمّيها الأوروبيون «عربية» وصلت إليهم من الأندلس والمغرب، وكانت تُكتب بهذا الشكل في مخطوطات المغرب قبل أن تصل إلى أوروبا، بينما بقيت الأرقام الهندية المشرقية في مصر والشام والعراق.[^digits] فالكتاب المغربي حين يطبع 41 و42 و43 في أسفل صفحاته لا يقلّد أحدًا، بل يعود إلى ما كان عليه.

[^tour]: يُفضَّل أن تبدأ الدورة صباحًا، قبل أن تشتد الشمس على الجهة الجنوبية من السور.

[^zellige]: تُسمّى القطعة الواحدة من الزليج «فرْمة»، ويحتاج المعلّم إلى عشرات الأشكال المختلفة لرسم نجمة واحدة.

[^digits]: تُعرف الأرقام المغربية في كتب الحساب القديمة باسم «الأرقام الغبارية»، لأن الحُسّاب كانوا يرسمونها على لوح مغطى بالغبار.

:::paragraphs{style="colophon" dir=ltr}
A chapter written in Arabic for the Postext Cookbook, from an invented book on the old cities of Morocco. Set in Noto Naskh Arabic and Noto Kufi Arabic (SIL OFL) · Text: CC BY 4.0.
:::
`; // content.<lang>.md: the same Arabic text in both

// #region art: a band of zellige, eight-pointed stars set in cobalt, green and ochre
// The star is two squares turned 45°; between four stars a small square. Paths only.
const star = (cx, cy, r) => {
  const pts = [];
  for (let k = 0; k < 16; k++) {
    const a = (k * Math.PI) / 8;
    const d = k % 2 ? r * 0.7654 : r; // where the two squares' sides cross
    pts.push(`${(cx + d * Math.sin(a)).toFixed(2)} ${(cy - d * Math.cos(a)).toFixed(2)}`);
  }
  return `M${pts.join('L')}Z`;
};
function zellige(W, H, S) {
  let stars = '';
  let inner = '';
  let squares = '';
  for (let y = 0; y <= H + S; y += S) {
    for (let x = 0; x <= W + S; x += S) {
      stars += star(x, y, S * 0.47);
      inner += star(x, y, S * 0.2);
      squares += `M${x + S / 2} ${y + S / 2 - S * 0.17}l${S * 0.17} ${S * 0.17}`
        + `l${-S * 0.17} ${S * 0.17}l${-S * 0.17} ${-S * 0.17}Z`;
    }
  }
  return `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="${W * 10}" height="${H * 10}" `
    + `viewBox="0 0 ${W} ${H}"><rect width="${W}" height="${H}" fill="${palette.green}"/>`
    + `<path d="${stars}" fill="${palette.cobalt}" stroke="${palette.paper}" stroke-width="0.5"/>`
    + `<path d="${inner}" fill="${palette.paper}"/>`
    + `<path d="${squares}" fill="${palette.ochre}" stroke="${palette.paper}" stroke-width="0.4"/>`
    + '</svg>';
}
// #endregion
const [BAND_W, BAND_H] = [100, 58]; // mm: the measure, and a band a little over half as deep
const resources = [{ id: 'zellige', typeId: 'figure', kind: 'svg', createdAt: 0, updatedAt: 0,
  svg: { fileId: 'zellige.svg', width: BAND_W * 10, height: BAND_H * 10 },
  caption: 'زليج من نجوم ثمانية الرؤوس، على طريقة الفسيفساء الفاسية',
  altText: t({ en: 'Eight-pointed cobalt stars outlined in white on a green ground, with small '
    + 'ochre squares between them.', es: 'Estrellas cobalto de ocho puntas perfiladas en blanco '
    + 'sobre fondo verde, con pequeños cuadrados ocre entre ellas.' }) }];

// ─── 3 · Fonts ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
const FONTS = { // every face the pages use, loaded before the build
  'Noto Naskh Arabic': ['400', '700'], // TEXT: the chapter, notes, captions; bold emphasis
  'Noto Kufi Arabic': ['400', '700'], // LABEL: headings, folios
};

// ─── 4 · Build & show ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
await loadFonts(FONTS, markdown);
// Each Arabic face's letters live in a file of their own (gotcha: arabic-fonts-subset).
await loadArabicFonts(FONTS, markdown + resources[0].caption);
await loadSvg('zellige.svg', zellige(BAND_W, BAND_H, 13));
const doc = await withLoadedFonts(() => buildDocument({ markdown, resources }, config()),
  { ...kitFonts(FONTS), text: markdown });
showBook(doc, { title: t({ en: 'A Maghreb edition with European digits',
  es: 'Una edición magrebí con cifras europeas' }) });
offerPdf(() => renderToPdf(doc, { fontProvider: arabicPdfProvider, resourceBytes: imageBytes }),
  `${RECIPE}.pdf`);

// ─── Kit ── helpers shared by every Cookbook recipe · postext.dev/cookbook ─────

// ─── Kit · core v1 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook
function mm(value) { return { value, unit: 'mm' }; }
function pt(value) { return { value, unit: 'pt' }; }
function em(value) { return { value, unit: 'em' }; }
/** The sample language's string: t({ en: 'Figure', es: 'Figura' }). */
function t(strings) { return strings[LANG] ?? Object.values(strings)[0]; }
/** A file in this recipe's assets folder, served from the Postext repo by jsDelivr. */
function asset(file) { return `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/drnachio/postext@main/cookbook/${RECIPE}/assets/${file}`; }

// ─── Kit · fonts v3 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook
// Postext loads the faces a config asks for before layout (prepareFonts,
// buildDocumentWithFonts) and asks the kit for the files: Fontsource's, the
// files the PDF embeds too.

/** The options of buildDocumentWithFonts / prepareFonts / withLoadedFonts:
 *  the Fontsource resolver, and the faces of FONTS loaded with the ones the
 *  config names. FONTS = { 'Family Name': ['400', '400i', '700'] }. */
function kitFonts(FONTS = {}) {
  const faces = Object.entries(FONTS).flatMap(([family, specs]) => specs.map((spec) =>
    ({ family, weight: parseInt(spec, 10), style: spec.endsWith('i') ? 'italic' : 'normal' })));
  return { resolve: fontsourceResolver, faces };
}

/** A face's Fontsource files, in a fixed order: latin, then latin-ext and greek
 *  when `text` needs them and the family ships them (kitSubsetsFor), each with
 *  its unicode-range. Null for a weight or slant Fontsource does not ship. */
async function fontsourceResolver(family, weight, style, { text = '' } = {}) {
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  const meta = await fontsourceMeta(family);
  if (meta && !(meta.weights.includes(weight) && meta.styles.includes(style))) return null;
  kitStatus('Loading fonts…');
  const at = await fontsourceAt(id);
  return ['latin', ...kitSubsetsFor(text, meta)].map((subset) => ({
    source: `${at}files/${id}-${subset}-${weight}-${style}.woff2`,
    unicodeRange: kitRanges()[subset],
  }));
}

/** The unicode-range of each Fontsource file the kit loads (a function: the
 *  kit is inlined after the pen's code, which runs before a const would be set). */
function kitRanges() {
  return {
    latin: 'U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,'
      + 'U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD',
    'latin-ext': 'U+0100-02BA,U+02BD-02C5,U+02C7-02CC,U+02CE-02D7,U+02DD-02FF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,'
      + 'U+1D00-1DBF,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20C0,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF',
    greek: 'U+0370-03FF',
  };
}

/** For the cjk, arabic and comics blocks, which add their own files: the
 *  faces of `faces` = { 'Family Name': ['400', '400i', '700'] }. `text` is the sample:
 *  č ł † α χ also load latin-ext and greek files (kitSubsetsFor). With
 *  `optional`, a face Fontsource does not ship is skipped instead of failing.
 *  The files are added once all have loaded, in the order asked (latin, then
 *  latin-ext, then greek), whatever order they arrive in: the last one added
 *  wins a character two files hold. Resolves to the number of faces added. */
async function loadFonts(faces, text = '', { optional = false } = {}) {
  kitStatus('Loading fonts…');
  const ranges = kitRanges();
  const jobs = [];
  for (const [family, specs] of Object.entries(faces)) {
    const id = fontsourceId(family);
    const todo = [...new Set(specs)].map((spec) => [parseInt(spec, 10), spec.endsWith('i') ? 'italic' : 'normal'])
      .filter(([weight, style]) => !hasFace(family, weight, style)); // before any await
    const at = fontsourceAt(id);
    const meta = optional || /[^\0-ÿ]/u.test(text) ? await fontsourceMeta(family) : null;
    const subsets = ['latin', ...kitSubsetsFor(text, meta)];
    for (const [weight, style] of todo) {
      if (optional && !(meta?.weights.includes(weight) && meta.styles.includes(style))) continue;
      for (const subset of subsets) {
        const url = `${await at}files/${id}-${subset}-${weight}-${style}.woff2`;
        const face = new FontFace(family, `url(${url}) format('woff2')`,
          { weight: String(weight), style, unicodeRange: ranges[subset] });
        jobs.push(face.load().catch(() => {
          if (subset === 'latin' && !optional) throw new Error(`Fontsource has no ${family} ${weight} ${style}`);
        }));
      }
    }
  }
  const ready = await Promise.all(jobs).catch((error) => { kitFail(error); throw error; });
  return ready.filter((face) => face && document.fonts.add(face)).length;
}

/** A loaded FontFace covers this family, weight and style (fonts.check() would
 *  also say yes for families nobody declared). */
function hasFace(family, weight, style) {
  for (const face of document.fonts) {
    if (face.status !== 'loaded' || face.style !== style) continue;
    if (face.family.replace(/^["']|["']$/g, '') !== family) continue;
    const [low, high = low] = face.weight.split(' ').map(Number);
    if (weight >= low && weight <= high) return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/** The files beyond latin `text` needs that `meta`'s family ships. */
function kitSubsetsFor(text, meta) {
  return [[/[Ā-˿ᴀ-ᶿḀ-ỿ†ℓⱠ-Ɀ꜠-ꟿ]/u, 'latin-ext'], [/[Ͱ-Ͽ]/u, 'greek']]
    .filter(([re, x]) => re.test(text) && meta?.subsets?.includes(x)).map(([, x]) => x);
}

/** Fontsource's id for a family: 'Source Serif 4' → 'source-serif-4'. */
function fontsourceId(family) { return family.toLowerCase().replace(/\s+/g, '-'); }

/** A package's folder at the one version @5 names now (#766). */
function fontsourceAt(id, u = `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fontsource/${id}@`) {
  return (fontsourceAt.c ??= {})[id] ??= fetch(u + '5/package.json').then((r) => r.json())
    .then((p) => p.version || 5, () => 5).then((v) => `${u}${v}/`);
}

/** The family's Fontsource metadata (weights, styles, subsets), or null. */
function fontsourceMeta(family) {
  fontsourceMeta.cache ??= new Map();
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  if (!fontsourceMeta.cache.has(id)) {
    fontsourceMeta.cache.set(id, fetch(`https://api.fontsource.org/v1/fonts/${id}`)
      .then((res) => (res.ok ? res.json() : null), () => null));
  }
  return fontsourceMeta.cache.get(id);
}

// ─── Kit · viewer v2 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook
/** The pages as spreads on a dark desk, page 1 alone, then verso | recto,
 *  each painted when it scrolls near. Other options go to renderPageToCanvas. */
function showPages(docs, { title, width = 460, ...render } = {}) {
  const root = viewer(title);
  const pages = [docs].flat().flatMap((doc) =>
    doc.pages.map((page) => ({ doc, page, n: (doc.pageIndexOffset ?? 0) + page.index })));
  const spreads = [];
  let verso = null;
  for (const p of pages) {
    if (p.n % 2 === 1) { if (verso) spreads.push([verso, null]); verso = p; }
    else { spreads.push([verso, p]); verso = null; }
  }
  if (verso) spreads.push([verso, null]);
  const density = Math.min(window.devicePixelRatio || 1, 2);
  showPages.painter?.disconnect();
  const painter = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => {
    for (const { isIntersecting, target } of entries) {
      if (!isIntersecting) continue;
      painter.unobserve(target);
      const { doc, page } = target.postext;
      renderPageToCanvas(page, doc, target, { ...render, scale: (width * density) / page.width });
    }
  }, { rootMargin: '800px' });
  showPages.painter = painter;
  root.replaceChildren(...spreads.map((pair) => {
    const spread = document.createElement('div');
    spread.className = 'pt-spread';
    for (const p of pair) {
      const figure = document.createElement('figure');
      if (p) {
        const label = p.page.pageLabel || String(p.n + 1);
        const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
        canvas.postext = p;
        canvas.style.aspectRatio = `${p.page.width} / ${p.page.height}`;
        canvas.setAttribute('role', 'img');
        canvas.setAttribute('aria-label', `Page ${label}`);
        const folio = document.createElement('figcaption');
        folio.textContent = label;
        figure.append(canvas, folio);
        painter.observe(canvas);
      } else figure.className = 'pt-blank';
      spread.append(figure);
    }
    return spread;
  }));
  kitStatus(`${pages.length} ${pages.length === 1 ? 'page' : 'pages'}`);
  document.documentElement.dataset.postext = 'ready';
  return pages.length;
}

/** The desk, the bar and the error reporting, created once. */
function viewer(title) {
  if (!document.getElementById('pt-kit')) {
    document.head.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', `<style id="pt-kit">
      :root { color-scheme: dark; }
      body { margin: 0; background: #0e1014; color: #b9bcc4; font: 13px/1.45 system-ui, sans-serif; }
      #pt-bar { position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 1; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center;
        gap: 6px 16px; padding: 10px 16px; background: rgb(14 16 20 / .92); backdrop-filter: blur(6px);
        border-bottom: 1px solid #23262d; }
      #pt-bar strong { color: #f4f1ea; font-weight: 600; }
      #pt-actions { display: flex; gap: 12px; margin-left: auto; }
      #pt-actions a, #pt-actions button { color: #d8a21a; font: inherit; background: none; border: 0; padding: 0; cursor: pointer; }
      #pages { display: grid; justify-items: center; gap: 48px; padding: 32px 16px 72px; }
      .pt-spread { display: flex; }
      .pt-spread figure { margin: 0; width: min(460px, 44vw); }
      .pt-spread canvas { display: block; width: 100%; background: #fff;
        box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / .5), 0 22px 44px -16px rgb(0 0 0 / .8); }
      .pt-spread figure:first-child canvas { box-shadow: inset -14px 0 14px -14px rgb(0 0 0 / .18), 0 1px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / .5), 0 22px 44px -16px rgb(0 0 0 / .8); }
      .pt-spread figcaption { margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; font: 600 10px/1 system-ui, sans-serif;
        letter-spacing: .18em; text-transform: uppercase; color: #6c7079; }
      .pt-blank { visibility: hidden; }
      @media (max-width: 760px) {
        .pt-spread { flex-direction: column; gap: 32px; }
        .pt-spread figure { width: min(460px, 92vw); }
        .pt-blank { display: none; }
      }
    </style>`);
    document.body.insertAdjacentHTML('afterbegin',
      '<header id="pt-bar"><strong id="pt-title"></strong><span id="pt-status" role="status"></span><span id="pt-actions"></span></header>');
    document.getElementById('pt-title').textContent = document.title || 'Postext';
    addEventListener('error', (event) => kitFail(event.error ?? event.message));
    addEventListener('unhandledrejection', (event) => kitFail(event.reason));
  }
  if (title) document.getElementById('pt-title').textContent = title;
  return document.getElementById('pages')
    ?? document.body.appendChild(Object.assign(document.createElement('main'), { id: 'pages' }));
}

function kitStatus(text) {
  viewer();
  document.getElementById('pt-status').textContent = text;
}

function kitFail(error) {
  document.documentElement.dataset.postext = 'error';
  kitStatus(`Error: ${error?.message ?? error}`);
}

// ─── Kit · pdf v3 ── the same in every recipe that exports a PDF
/** The Fontsource files the screen used, as TrueType, with their range and
 *  place: the nearest weight the family ships, upright with no italic;
 *  latin, then what its letters need (kitSubsetsFor). */
async function fontsourceProvider(family, weight, style, request) {
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  const meta = await fontsourceMeta(family);
  const weights = meta?.weights?.length ? meta.weights : [400, 700];
  const w = weights.reduce((a, b) => (Math.abs(b - weight) < Math.abs(a - weight) ? b : a));
  const s = style === 'italic' && meta && !meta.styles.includes('italic') ? 'normal' : style;
  const text = String.fromCodePoint(...(request?.codePoints ?? []));
  const files = await Promise.all(['latin', ...kitSubsetsFor(text, meta)].map(async (subset, order) => {
    const res = await fetch(`${await fontsourceAt(id)}files/${id}-${subset}-${w}-${s}.woff2`);
    if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`Fontsource has no ${family} ${w} ${s} ${subset}`);
    return Object.assign(await decompressWoff2(new Uint8Array(await res.arrayBuffer())),
      { unicodeRange: kitRanges()[subset], order });
  }));
  return files.length === 1 ? files[0] : files;
}

/** A "Build the PDF" button; then "Open the PDF" (a new tab: CodePen's frame
 *  shows no PDFs) and a download link. */
function offerPdf(makePdf, filename) {
  viewer();
  const button = Object.assign(document.createElement('button'), { type: 'button', textContent: 'Build the PDF' });
  button.dataset.postextPdf = filename;
  button.addEventListener('click', async () => {
    button.disabled = true;
    button.textContent = 'Building the PDF…';
    try {
      const bytes = await makePdf();
      const url = URL.createObjectURL(new Blob([bytes], { type: 'application/pdf' }));
      const size = `${Math.max(1, Math.round(bytes.length / 1024))} KB`;
      button.replaceWith(
        Object.assign(document.createElement('a'), { href: url, target: '_blank', rel: 'noopener', textContent: 'Open the PDF ↗' }),
        Object.assign(document.createElement('a'), { href: url, download: filename, textContent: `Download ${filename} · ${size}` }));
    } catch (error) {
      button.disabled = false;
      button.textContent = 'Build the PDF';
      kitFail(error);
    }
  });
  document.getElementById('pt-actions').append(button);
}

// ─── Kit · images v3 ── recipes with pictures · postext.dev/cookbook
/** Registers a photo or PNG for the canvas and keeps its bytes for the PDF.
 *  fetch → ImageBitmap never taints the canvas (a plain cross-origin <img> would). */
async function loadImage(fileId, url) {
  const res = await fetch(url);
  if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`Image not found (${res.status}): ${url}`);
  const bytes = new Uint8Array(await res.arrayBuffer());
  registerResourceImage(fileId, await createImageBitmap(new Blob([bytes])));
  (loadImage.bytes ??= new Map()).set(fileId, bytes);
}

/** Registers SVG markup as a vector image, its fonts inside (inlineSvgFonts, ≥ 1.25).
 *  `options` go to registerResourceImage: { singleInk: true } tints it on the canvas. */
async function loadSvg(fileId, svg, options) {
  if (typeof inlineSvgFonts === 'function') svg = await inlineSvgFonts(svg, svgFaces);
  const img = new Image();
  img.src = `data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,${encodeURIComponent(svg)}`;
  await img.decode();
  registerResourceImage(fileId, img, options);
  (loadImage.bytes ??= new Map()).set(fileId, new TextEncoder().encode(svg));
}

/** A face's Fontsource files: nearest weight; latin + what the SVG sets. */
async function svgFaces(family, weight, style, { codePoints = [] } = {}) {
  const [id, m] = [fontsourceId(family), await fontsourceMeta(family)];
  const w = m?.weights.reduce((a, b) => (Math.abs(b - weight) < Math.abs(a - weight) ? b : a)) ?? weight;
  const s = m?.styles.includes(style) === false ? 'normal' : style;
  return Promise.all(['latin', ...kitSubsetsFor(String.fromCodePoint(...codePoints), m)].map(async (x) => new Uint8Array(
    await (await fetch(`${await fontsourceAt(id)}files/${id}-${x}-${w}-${s}.woff2`)).arrayBuffer())));
}

/** renderToPdf({ resourceBytes: imageBytes }) */
function imageBytes(fileId) { return loadImage.bytes?.get(fileId); }

/** renderToHtml({ resourceImageUrl: imageUrl }) */
function imageUrl(fileId) {
  const bytes = imageBytes(fileId);
  if (!bytes) return undefined;
  imageUrl.urls ??= new Map();
  if (!imageUrl.urls.has(fileId)) {
    const type = /\.svg$/i.test(fileId) ? 'image/svg+xml' : /\.png$/i.test(fileId) ? 'image/png' : 'image/jpeg';
    imageUrl.urls.set(fileId, URL.createObjectURL(new Blob([bytes], { type })));
  }
  return imageUrl.urls.get(fileId);
}

// ─── Kit · arabic v2 ── Arabic-script faces · postext.dev/cookbook
// Fontsource ships an Arabic family as one file per subset and weight: the
// `arabic` file holds the letters, the harakat, the Arabic-Indic digits, the
// Arabic punctuation and the presentation forms; `latin` and `latin-ext`
// hold the rest. loadFonts loads the latin files; this block adds the arabic
// file of every Arabic family, for the canvas and for the PDF, which shapes
// the letters with HarfBuzz from the same bytes.

/** The code points of Fontsource's `arabic` subset, as its stylesheets
 *  declare them (the same unicode-range the browser picks the file by). A
 *  function, not a const: the kit is inlined after the recipe's top-level
 *  awaits, and a const read before its line throws, where a function
 *  declaration is hoisted. */
function arabicRange() {
  return 'U+0600-06FF,U+0750-077F,U+0870-088E,U+0890-0891,U+0897-08E1,U+08E3-08FF,'
    + 'U+200C-200E,U+2010-2011,U+204F,U+2E41,U+FB50-FDFF,U+FE70-FE74,U+FE76-FEFC,U+102E0-102FB,'
    + 'U+10E60-10E7E,U+10EC2-10EC4,U+10EFC-10EFF,U+1EE00-1EEFF';
}

/** Whether code point `cp` is in the arabic file. */
function inArabicRange(cp) {
  inArabicRange.ranges ??= arabicRange().split(',').map((part) => {
    const [lo, hi = lo] = part.slice(2).split('-');
    return [parseInt(lo, 16), parseInt(hi, 16)];
  });
  return inArabicRange.ranges.some(([lo, hi]) => cp >= lo && cp <= hi);
}

/** Whether Fontsource serves `family` with an `arabic` subset. Fails when
 *  the API does not answer: an Arabic face taken for a Latin one would set
 *  its letters in a system face. */
async function isArabicFamily(family) {
  const meta = await fontsourceMeta(family);
  if (!meta) throw new Error(`api.fontsource.org did not describe ${family}: reload to try again`);
  return !!meta.subsets?.includes('arabic');
}

/** The arabic file of a face. */
async function arabicFileUrl(family, weight, style) {
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  return `${await fontsourceAt(id)}files/${id}-arabic-${weight}-${style}.woff2`;
}

/** faces = { Amiri: ['400', '700'] }, as for loadFonts, after it: the whole
 *  FONTS object may be passed, its families without an arabic subset are
 *  left alone. Adds the arabic file of every listed weight of each Arabic
 *  family (the latin files come from loadFonts) and loads it. `text` is
 *  the sample: fails when it holds an Arabic-script character the arabic
 *  file does not cover. List every weight the pages set in Arabic: a weight
 *  left to the engine's later round gets the latin file only, and its Arabic letters
 *  fall back to a system face. Resolves to the number of files loaded. */
async function loadArabicFonts(faces, text = '') {
  kitStatus('Loading fonts…');
  let loaded = 0;
  try {
    const outside = [...new Set(text)].filter((ch) => /\p{Script=Arabic}/u.test(ch) && !inArabicRange(ch.codePointAt(0)));
    if (outside.length) throw new Error(`Fontsource's arabic files have no ${outside.slice(0, 12).join(' ')}`);
    for (const [family, specs] of Object.entries(faces)) {
      if (!(await isArabicFamily(family))) continue;
      for (const spec of new Set(specs)) {
        const weight = parseInt(spec, 10);
        const style = spec.endsWith('i') ? 'italic' : 'normal';
        const face = new FontFace(family, `url(${await arabicFileUrl(family, weight, style)}) format('woff2')`,
          { weight: String(weight), style, unicodeRange: arabicRange() });
        document.fonts.add(await face.load().catch(() => {
          throw new Error(`Fontsource has no arabic file for ${family} ${weight} ${style}`);
        }));
        loaded++;
      }
    }
  } catch (error) {
    kitFail(error);
    throw error;
  }
  return loaded;
}

/** The PDF font provider for recipes with Arabic faces: a family with an
 *  arabic subset gets its arabic file when its pages set Arabic letters
 *  (`request.codePoints`), then its latin file, and its latin-ext file for
 *  the letters beyond latin (transliteration: ā ḥ ʿ), each marked with its
 *  unicode-range and its place in the order the screen added them (latin
 *  and latin-ext by loadFonts, then arabic): the arabic file also has a
 *  space and brackets, which the browser takes from latin, the file whose
 *  range holds them, and postext-pdf follows it. Any other family goes to
 *  fontsourceProvider (the "pdf" block). */
async function arabicPdfProvider(family, weight, style, request) {
  if (!(await isArabicFamily(family))) return fontsourceProvider(family, weight, style, request);
  const meta = await fontsourceMeta(family);
  const weights = meta.weights?.length ? meta.weights : [400, 700];
  const w = weights.reduce((a, b) => (Math.abs(b - weight) < Math.abs(a - weight) ? b : a));
  const s = style === 'italic' && !meta.styles.includes('italic') ? 'normal' : style;
  const wanted = [...(request?.codePoints ?? [])];
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  const subsets = !wanted.length || wanted.some(inArabicRange) ? ['arabic', 'latin'] : ['latin'];
  if (meta.subsets.includes('latin-ext') && wanted.some((cp) => /[Ā-˿Ḁ-ỿ]/u.test(String.fromCodePoint(cp)))) {
    subsets.push('latin-ext');
  }
  const at = await fontsourceAt(id);
  return Promise.all(subsets.map(async (subset) => {
    const url = `${at}files/${id}-${subset}-${w}-${s}.woff2`;
    const res = await fetch(url);
    if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`Fontsource file ${url} (${res.status})`);
    const bytes = await decompressWoff2(new Uint8Array(await res.arrayBuffer()));
    return Object.assign(bytes, { unicodeRange: subset === 'arabic' ? arabicRange() : kitRanges()[subset],
      order: ['latin', 'latin-ext', 'greek', 'arabic'].indexOf(subset) });
  }));
}

// ─── Kit · book v1 ── books bound on either edge · postext.dev/cookbook
// A book bound on the right (Arabic, Hebrew or Persian text, vertical
// Chinese, or page.binding 'right') opens from what a Latin reader calls
// the back: page 1 lies alone on the left of the spine, then [3 | 2].

/** showPages for a book bound on either edge. A right-bound book (the
 *  document says so: doc.binding is 'right' for page.binding 'right', for
 *  text that runs right to left and for vertical text, when the binding is
 *  left to 'auto') lies on the desk as it opens: page 1 alone on the left
 *  of the spine, then [3 | 2], the spine shade on each page's inner edge.
 *  `binding` ('left' | 'right') overrides the document's. */
function showBook(docs, { binding, ...options } = {}) {
  const count = showPages(docs, options);
  const right = (binding ?? [docs].flat()[0]?.binding) === 'right';
  if (!document.getElementById('pt-kit-book')) {
    // The pages keep direction ltr, as in a left-bound book: a canvas takes
    // the direction its element inherits, and under the spread's rtl a run
    // painted for an ltr canvas would end where the engine starts it.
    document.head.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', `<style id="pt-kit-book">
      .pt-spread[dir="rtl"] canvas { direction: ltr; }
      .pt-spread[dir="rtl"] figure:first-child canvas { box-shadow: inset 14px 0 14px -14px rgb(0 0 0 / .18),
        0 1px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / .5), 0 22px 44px -16px rgb(0 0 0 / .8); }
    </style>`);
  }
  // Each pair stays [verso, recto] in the page; right to left, the verso
  // sits on the right. Phones stack the pages in reading order either way.
  for (const spread of document.querySelectorAll('#pages > .pt-spread')) spread.dir = right ? 'rtl' : 'ltr';
  document.getElementById('pages').dataset.binding = right ? 'right' : 'left';
  return count;
}

// ─── /Kit ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
```

## Varianti

### Stampa le cifre del Mashriq

L’edizione egiziana o levantina dello stesso capitolo: cambia il tag, non il Markdown.

```diff
-  locale: 'ar-MA',
+  locale: 'ar-EG',
```

### Mantieni un locale marocchino, stampa ١٢٣

Un’impostazione scritta per esteso prevale sul valore predefinito della regione.

```diff
   locale: 'ar-MA',
+  numerals: 'arab',
```

## Errori frequenti

- **Assegna a un libro arabo il tag 'ar', non LANG.** Le edizioni di una ricetta sono en ed es, ma un esempio arabo è arabo in entrambe: `locale: LANG` lo comporrebbe da sinistra a destra, lo rilegherebbe a sinistra, numererebbe le pagine 1 2 3 e darebbe alle figure didascalie Figure o Figura. Da postext 1.30 il tag è anche la lingua usata per lo shaping del testo (misura, disegno e incorporamento), quindi con un tag inglese o spagnolo un carattere come Markazi Text non disegna le forme arabe delle sue virgolette basse e dei suoi segni di interpunzione, e le righe vanno a capo altrove. Scrivi tu il tag: 'ar' (cifre arabo-indiane, la convenzione del Mashriq), una regione come 'ar-EG' o 'ar-SA', oppure 'ar-MA', 'ar-DZ' o 'ar-TN' per un’edizione del Maghreb con cifre europee. Una pagina latina che si limita a citare l’arabo mantiene la propria lingua.
- **I caratteri arabi hanno bisogno del loro file arabic, tramite il blocco arabic.** Fontsource serve Amiri, Noto Naskh Arabic o Scheherazade New come un file per sottoinsieme, e le lettere arabe stanno nel file arabic. loadFonts scarica solo latin (e latin-ext), così a schermo l’arabo viene da un font di sistema ed è misurato male, e fontsourceProvider passa al PDF quel file latin, che stampa riquadri vuoti. Elenca il blocco arabic del kit, chiama loadArabicFonts(FONTS, markdown) dopo loadFonts, con ogni peso che le pagine compongono in arabo elencato in FONTS, e passa a renderToPdf fontProvider: arabicPdfProvider.
- **'1998. ' o '- ' a inizio paragrafo aprono un elenco.** Un paragrafo che comincia con un numero, un punto e uno spazio, o con un trattino e uno spazio, diventa una voce di elenco. Metti un word joiner (U+2060) prima del numero, e scrivi i dialoghi con la lineetta.

## Crediti

- Ricetta: Ignacio Ferro ([@drnachio](https://github.com/drnachio))
- Testo: “The gates of Fes”, a chapter written in Arabic for the recipe, from an invented book on the old cities of Morocco: Postext Cookbook, originale
- Caratteri: Noto Naskh Arabic (OFL-1.1), Noto Kufi Arabic (OFL-1.1)
- Codice: MIT · Contenuto di esempio: CC-BY-4.0

## Ricette correlate

- [Nº 105 · Un romanzo arabo da destra a sinistra, rilegato a destra](https://postext.dev/it/cookbook/arabic-novel-right-bound.md): L’inizio di un romanzo arabo su una pagina di 14 × 21 cm: locale 'ar' compone il testo da destra, rilega il libro a destra e stampa ١٢ nei folio. · Livello 2 (Intermedio) · Narrativa, teatro e prosa letteraria
- [Nº 107 · Un articolo scientifico arabo con note, citazioni e indice](https://postext.dev/it/cookbook/arabic-research-article.md): Un articolo di rivista in arabo: note «(١)» numerate per pagina, citazioni CSL tra le note con la locale araba e un indice ordinato senza l’articolo ال. · Livello 3 (Avanzato) · Articoli scientifici e testi accademici
- [Nº 081 · Date e sigle diritte nel testo verticale](https://postext.dev/it/cookbook/chinese-dates-upright.md): Due documenti fondativi del 1912 in verticale, rilegati a destra: i numeri di due cifre stanno diritti in una cella da soli, :tcy e :upright segnano il resto. · Livello 2 (Intermedio) · Libri di testo, Fogli singoli ed effimeri