# Segni dei nomi e dei titoli, in verticale e in orizzontale

> Gli Annali fondamentali di Xiang Yu con :name e :book, in verticale su pagina rilegata a destra e poi in orizzontale: i segni a sinistra dei nomi, poi sotto.

- Versione HTML: https://postext.dev/it/cookbook/proper-name-marks
- Ricetta Nº 077 · Caratteri e testo · Livello 2 (Intermedio) · Output: Canvas, PDF
- Generi: Libri di testo
- Richiede postext ≥ 1.25.0, postext-pdf ≥ 1.25.0 · provata con 1.31.0, postext-pdf 1.31.0 il 2026-10-13
- Pagine: [一](https://postext.dev/cookbook/proper-name-marks/en/p01.webp?v=cfb2246c), [二](https://postext.dev/cookbook/proper-name-marks/en/p02.webp?v=cfb2246c), [三](https://postext.dev/cookbook/proper-name-marks/en/p03.webp?v=cfb2246c)
- PDF: https://postext.dev/cookbook/proper-name-marks/en/proper-name-marks.pdf?v=cfb2246c
- Apri nella Sandbox: https://postext.dev/it/sandbox#recipe=proper-name-marks&lang=en (.postext: https://postext.dev/cookbook/proper-name-marks/en/proper-name-marks.postext)
- Ultimo aggiornamento: 2026-10-10
- Altre lingue: [en](https://postext.dev/en/cookbook/proper-name-marks.md), [es](https://postext.dev/es/cookbook/proper-name-marks.md), [ca](https://postext.dev/ca/cookbook/proper-name-marks.md), [de](https://postext.dev/de/cookbook/proper-name-marks.md), [fr](https://postext.dev/fr/cookbook/proper-name-marks.md), [pt](https://postext.dev/pt/cookbook/proper-name-marks.md), [zh](https://postext.dev/zh/cookbook/proper-name-marks.md), [ja](https://postext.dev/ja/cookbook/proper-name-marks.md), [ar](https://postext.dev/ar/cookbook/proper-name-marks.md)

## In breve

Pagine di saggio di un classico della storiografia cinese. Mostra come segnare i nomi con una linea rossa diritta e i titoli dei libri con una ondulata, nel testo verticale e in quello orizzontale.

## Che cosa comporrai

Tre pagine di saggio per un’antologia delle *Memorie storiche*, nel formato 140 × 203 mm di un libro cinese 大32開. Il brano è l’inizio degli Annali fondamentali di Xiang Yu con la punteggiatura completa di un’edizione classica: una linea diritta accanto a ogni persona, luogo, stato e dinastia, una linea ondulata accanto a ogni titolo di libro e di capitolo, entrambe in vermiglio. La pagina 1 compone la nota introduttiva e le convenzioni del curatore nel carattere Kai. Le pagine 2 e 3 compongono due volte lo stesso Markdown, in verticale e in orizzontale, così la doppia pagina mostra dove vanno i segni: a sinistra dei nomi nelle righe verticali, sotto di essi in quelle orizzontali. Il libro è rilegato a destra, e una fascia indaco porta ogni titolo. [Nº 044, Lycidas nel testo del 1645](https://postext.dev/it/cookbook/critical-edition-line-numbers.md), distingue i nomi alla maniera europea, in corsivo.

**Questa ricetta risponde a:**

- Come segno nomi propri e titoli di libri nel testo cinese con una linea diritta e una ondulata?
- Perché la mia enfasi cinese si stampa con un carattere inclinato, e che cosa devo usare invece?
- Come compongo un libro cinese in verticale, rilegato a destra?

## La risposta breve

```js
// script.js, righe 45–62
// :name[項梁] draws the proper-name line, :book[史記] the book-title mark, :dots[…] dots.
const cjk = {
  bookTitleMark: 'wavy', // zh-Hant's default; mainland editions of the classics use it too
  annotationColor: col('mark'), // unset, the marks print in the colour of the text
  grid: { enabled: true, charsPerLine: CHARS, linesPerPage: LINES },
};
// The book runs down the page, bound on the right: the lines stand left of the names.
const layout = { layoutType: 'single', writingMode: 'vertical-rl' };
// # 項羽本紀 {style="across"} sets the same Markdown across the page, 28 characters to
// the line: the lines run under the names. Its margins set its grid; the book's grid
// counts down the page.
const MEASURE = 28 * SIZE * PT; // mm
const across = {
  id: 'across',
  layout: { layoutType: 'single', writingMode: 'horizontal-tb' },
  margins: { top: mm(SIDE), bottom: mm(H - SIDE - 25 * LEAD * PT), // 25 lines
    left: mm((W - MEASURE) / 2), right: mm((W - MEASURE) / 2) },
};
```

## Ingredienti

**Insegna**

- [Punti di enfasi, linee dei nomi e dei titoli](https://postext.dev/it/docs/document-format.md#segni-cinesi-ruby-e-warichu): I segni che il cinese compone accanto ai caratteri al posto del corsivo: i punti di enfasi (着重号, :dots[…]), la linea diritta dei nomi propri (专名号, :name[…]) e la linea ondulata dei titoli di opere (书名号, :book[…]), sotto il testo in orizzontale e al suo fianco in verticale; cjk.bookTitleMark stampa i titoli con 《》, con una linea ondulata o senza nulla, e cjk.annotationColor colora i segni.
- [Testo verticale](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#scrittura-verticale): Cinese e giapponese composti dall’alto in basso in righe lette da destra (layout.writingMode 'vertical-rl'), con le colonne come fasce, figure e tabelle in piedi e la punteggiatura nelle sue forme verticali.

**Usa anche**

- [Libri rilegati a destra](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#rilegatura)
- [Larghezze della punteggiatura cinese](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-east-asian.md#larghezza-della-punteggiatura)
- [Divisione in righe del cinese](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-east-asian.md#tipografia-dellasia-orientale)
- [Griglia dei caratteri](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-east-asian.md#griglia-di-caratteri)
- [Font cinesi, giapponesi e coreani](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#font-cinesi-giapponesi-e-coreani)
- [Font incorporati nel PDF](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#perché-un-provider-di-font)
- [Esportazione in PDF](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#generare-pdf)
- [Numeri cinesi](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#numerazione)
- [Stili di titolo](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-dei-titoli)
- [Geometria della sezione](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-dei-titoli)
- [Aperture progettate](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#estensione-e-progetto-grafico-avanzato)
- [Fascia di capitolo a tutta larghezza](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#estensione-e-progetto-grafico-avanzato)
- [Attributi dei titoli](https://postext.dev/it/docs/document-format.md#attributi-dei-titoli)
- [Elenchi numerati](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#elenchi-numerati)
- [Rientri, allineamento e spaziatura dei paragrafi](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#testo-corrente)
- [Stili di paragrafo](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-di-paragrafo)
- [Tavolozza di colori semantica](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-fonts-colors-viewers.md#tavolozza-dei-colori)
- [Pagine preliminari in numeri romani](https://postext.dev/it/docs/document-format.md#numbering)
- [Spazio verticale esplicito](https://postext.dev/it/docs/document-format.md#space)

**La configurazione in breve**

- [`bodyText`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#testo-corrente), [`cjk`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-east-asian.md#tipografia-dellasia-orientale), [`colorPalette`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-fonts-colors-viewers.md#tavolozza-dei-colori), [`footer`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#intestazioni-e-piè-di-pagina), [`header`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#intestazioni-e-piè-di-pagina), [`headingStyles`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-dei-titoli), [`headings`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#titoli), [`layout`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#impaginazione), [`locale`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#sillabazione), [`orderedLists`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#elenchi-numerati), [`page`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#pagina), [`paragraphStyles`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-di-paragrafo)

**API**

- [`buildDocument`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#costruire-un-documento), [`decompressWoff2`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#provider-di-font-per-il-browser-fontsource--woff2), `loadVerticalAlternates`, [`renderPageToCanvas`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#rendere-una-pagina-come-bitmap), [`renderToPdf`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#generare-pdf), [`withLoadedFonts`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#caricare-i-font-prima-dellimpaginazione)

**Caratteri**

- Noto Serif TC (OFL-1.1), Noto Sans TC (OFL-1.1), LXGW WenKai TC (OFL-1.1)

## Preparazione

### 1 · Il markup segna, la direzione di scrittura colloca

Il codice è [la risposta breve](https://postext.dev/it/cookbook/proper-name-marks.md#la-risposta-breve) qui sopra. `:name[項梁]` e `:book[史記]` lasciano i loro caratteri nel testo, così la ricerca, il testo copiato e il PDF leggono 項梁 e 史記, e aggiungono i segni accanto ([Segni cinesi, ruby e warichu](https://postext.dev/it/docs/document-format.md#segni-cinesi-ruby-e-warichu)). Il lato dipende solo dalla direzione di scrittura: `layout.writingMode: 'vertical-rl'` mette le linee a sinistra dei caratteri, e lo stile di titolo `across`, il cui layout è `'horizontal-tb'`, le mette sotto. `bookTitleMark: 'wavy'` è ciò che un documento `zh-Hant` riceve per impostazione predefinita; è scritto esplicitamente perché un passaggio a `zh-Hans` stamperebbe altrimenti i titoli tra 《》. Due segni dello stesso tipo che si toccano, come in 東漢班固 o 史記項羽本紀, cedono ciascuno un ottavo di em alle estremità che si incontrano, così le linee si leggono come due nomi.

### 2 · Un’interlinea con spazio per i segni

```js
// script.js, righe 32–41
const [SONG, HEI, KAI] = ['Noto Serif TC', 'Noto Sans TC', 'LXGW WenKai TC']; // 宋, 黑, 楷
const PT = 25.4 / 72; // mm in a point
const [W, H] = [140, 203]; // mm: 大32開
const SIZE = 10.5; // pt: 五號
// A gap of 7.5 pt (0.71 em) between lines: a line of marks needs half an em of it, dots on
// one side and lines on the other five eighths. At 15 pt the build reports every marked
// paragraph (cjkMarksExceedLeading: gap 0.43 em).
const LEAD = 18; // pt
const [CHARS, LINES] = [42, 17]; // the vertical grid: characters down a line, lines across
const SIDE = (W - LINES * LEAD * PT) / 2; // mm: the side margins of a vertical page
```

I segni vivono nello spazio tra le righe e non cambiano mai il passo delle righe ([Segni, ruby e warichu](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-east-asian.md#segni-ruby-e-warichu)). A 10,5 pt su 18 pt lo spazio è di 0,71 em, che contiene le linee dei nomi di una colonna e i punti della successiva, come nella quinta convenzione di pagina 1. La griglia conta la pagina in caratteri: 42 lungo ogni riga e 17 righe, e sposta i margini perché la gabbia del testo sia esattamente quella: 25,7 mm di margine di testa, 21,7 mm di margine di piede ([Griglia dei caratteri](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-east-asian.md#griglia-di-caratteri)).

### 3 · Un’apertura che ruota con la pagina

```js
// script.js, righe 66–89
// The grid centres the text between the minimum margins; the band stops at its foot.
const FOOT = 20 + (H - 24 - 20 - CHARS * SIZE * PT) / 2; // mm, with minimums of 24 and 20
const BAND = SIDE + 3.5 * LEAD * PT; // mm from the trim, which is the right edge down the page
const onBand = { align: 'left', overflow: 'wrap' }; // design text centres and cuts by default
const next = (id, y) => ({ anchor: { to: `#${id}`, edge: 'below' }, offset: { y: mm(y) } });
const opener = {
  enabled: true,
  minHeight: pt(4 * LEAD), // the text starts on the fifth line, half a line clear of the band
  slot: { elements: [
    // Across the page the band's length runs past the trim; down it, it ends at the text's
    // foot, clear of the folio.
    { kind: 'box', id: 'band', style: { backgroundColor: col('band') },
      placement: { anchor: { to: 'bleed', edge: 'top-left' },
        size: { width: mm(H - FOOT), height: mm(BAND) } } },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'kicker', content: '{attr.kicker}', ...onBand, fontFamily: HEI,
      fontWeight: 700, fontSize: pt(8), letterSpacing: pt(1.6), color: col('tint'),
      placement: { anchor: { to: 'container', edge: 'top-left' }, offset: { y: mm(6 - SIDE) } } },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'title', content: '{titleText}', ...onBand, fontFamily: SONG,
      fontWeight: 700, fontSize: pt(46), lineHeight: 1, letterSpacing: pt(3),
      color: col('paper'), placement: next('kicker', 2) },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'byline', content: '{attr.byline}', ...onBand, fontFamily: KAI,
      fontSize: pt(10), color: col('tint'), placement: next('title', 2) },
  ] },
};
```

Il design di un titolo si dispone nel flusso della sua pagina, quindi un solo insieme di elementi serve entrambe le direzioni ([Scrittura verticale](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#scrittura-verticale)). Ancorata all’angolo superiore sinistro dell’abbondanza, la fascia si stende sulla testa della pagina orizzontale e lungo il bordo destro di quelle verticali, dove comincia la lettura. Anche l’occhiello, il titolo e la firma si impilano nel flusso: uno sotto l’altro nella pagina orizzontale, uno a sinistra dell’altro in quella verticale. La lunghezza della fascia si misura lungo il flusso: 181,3 mm la fermano al piede del testo verticale, lontano dal folio, e la fanno andare oltre il rifilo della pagina orizzontale.

### 4 · Folio per un libro rilegato a destra

```js
// script.js, righe 93–102
const foot = (id, content, parity, edge, x, extra) => ({ kind: 'text', id, content, parity,
  fontFamily: HEI, fontSize: pt(7), color: col('muted'), ...extra,
  placement: { anchor: { to: 'page', edge }, offset: { x: mm(x), y: mm(-11) } } });
const folio = { fontFamily: SONG, fontSize: pt(9) };
// Bound on the right, a recto (odd) lies left of the spine: its outer edge is its left one.
const footer = { elements: [
  foot('folio-odd', '{pageNumber}', 'odd', 'bottom-left', SIDE, folio),
  foot('folio-even', '{pageNumber}', 'even', 'bottom-right', -SIDE, folio),
  foot('slug', '{attr.slug}', 'all', 'bottom', 0, { letterSpacing: pt(0.4) }),
] };
```

Il testo verticale rilega il libro a destra ([Rilegatura](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#rilegatura)): la pagina 1 sta a sinistra del dorso, e il bordo esterno di un recto è quello sinistro. Il folio dispari va in basso a sinistra e quello pari in basso a destra, al contrario di un libro occidentale, e `pageNumbering.format: 'trad-chinese-informal'` li stampa come 一, 二, 三. La riga di servizio tra i due viene da un attributo di ciascun titolo, `slug="…"`; insieme al colophon, è tutto ciò che cambia tra l’edizione inglese e quella spagnola.

### 5 · Un secondo inchiostro

```js
// script.js, righe 17–29
const palette = {
  ink: '#221e1b', // the text
  band: '#23394b', // the opener band and the small heads
  mark: '#b5412c', // the name, title and emphasis marks: the second ink
  tint: '#c7d2da', // kickers and bylines on the band
  muted: '#6f6a64', // folios, slug lines, the colophon
  paper: '#ffffff',
};
const col = (id) => ({ hex: palette[id], model: 'hex', paletteId: id });
const colorPalette = [
  ...Object.entries(palette).map(([id, hex]) => ({ id, name: id, value: { hex, model: 'hex' } })),
  { id: 'main-color', name: 'band (defaults)', value: { hex: palette.band, model: 'hex' } },
];
```

Un’edizione classica stampa i segni nell’inchiostro del testo. Un’antologia per studenti può stamparli in un secondo colore, perché si distinguano dai tratti dei caratteri: `annotationColor` li collega al `mark` della tavolozza, il vermiglio di un commento in inchiostro rosso, e una sola modifica a quella voce ricolora ogni linea e ogni punto del libro.

## La ricetta completa

Un unico file, composto a partire dalla cartella della ricetta con il testo di esempio e il kit comune del Ricettario già inclusi; costruisce la propria pagina. Per eseguirlo, mettilo in uno `<script type="module">` di una pagina vuota, oppure incollalo nel pannello JS di un nuovo pen di CodePen (come modulo). Importa postext da esm.sh: non c’è niente da installare né da compilare.

- Cartella della ricetta: https://github.com/drnachio/postext/tree/main/cookbook/proper-name-marks

### script.js

```js
// ═══ Postext Cookbook · Nº 077 · Proper-name and book-title marks, across and down ═════
// https://postext.dev/en/cookbook/proper-name-marks
// Code: MIT · Text: Sima Qian, Shiji 7 (PD) · Punctuation, headnote, conventions: CC BY 4.0
// Fonts: Noto Serif TC, Noto Sans TC, LXGW WenKai TC (SIL OFL 1.1) · Needs postext ≥ 1.25.0
// Specimen pages for a classical reader: the opening of the Basic Annals of Xiang Yu with
// its proper-name lines and wavy title lines, set down the page and then across it.
import {
  buildDocument, withLoadedFonts, renderPageToCanvas, loadVerticalAlternates,
} from 'https://esm.sh/postext';
import { renderToPdf, decompressWoff2 } from 'https://esm.sh/postext-pdf';

const LANG = 'en'; // @lang: the language of the slug lines and the colophon ('en' | 'es')
const RECIPE = 'proper-name-marks';

// ─── 1 · Design ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// #region palette: the indigo of a thread-bound cover, vermilion for the marks
const palette = {
  ink: '#221e1b', // the text
  band: '#23394b', // the opener band and the small heads
  mark: '#b5412c', // the name, title and emphasis marks: the second ink
  tint: '#c7d2da', // kickers and bylines on the band
  muted: '#6f6a64', // folios, slug lines, the colophon
  paper: '#ffffff',
};
const col = (id) => ({ hex: palette[id], model: 'hex', paletteId: id });
const colorPalette = [
  ...Object.entries(palette).map(([id, hex]) => ({ id, name: id, value: { hex, model: 'hex' } })),
  { id: 'main-color', name: 'band (defaults)', value: { hex: palette.band, model: 'hex' } },
];
// #endregion
// #region type: 五號 on 18 pt, 42 characters by 17 lines down the page
const [SONG, HEI, KAI] = ['Noto Serif TC', 'Noto Sans TC', 'LXGW WenKai TC']; // 宋, 黑, 楷
const PT = 25.4 / 72; // mm in a point
const [W, H] = [140, 203]; // mm: 大32開
const SIZE = 10.5; // pt: 五號
// A gap of 7.5 pt (0.71 em) between lines: a line of marks needs half an em of it, dots on
// one side and lines on the other five eighths. At 15 pt the build reports every marked
// paragraph (cjkMarksExceedLeading: gap 0.43 em).
const LEAD = 18; // pt
const [CHARS, LINES] = [42, 17]; // the vertical grid: characters down a line, lines across
const SIDE = (W - LINES * LEAD * PT) / 2; // mm: the side margins of a vertical page
// #endregion

// #region answer: marks by the markup, their side by the writing mode
// :name[項梁] draws the proper-name line, :book[史記] the book-title mark, :dots[…] dots.
const cjk = {
  bookTitleMark: 'wavy', // zh-Hant's default; mainland editions of the classics use it too
  annotationColor: col('mark'), // unset, the marks print in the colour of the text
  grid: { enabled: true, charsPerLine: CHARS, linesPerPage: LINES },
};
// The book runs down the page, bound on the right: the lines stand left of the names.
const layout = { layoutType: 'single', writingMode: 'vertical-rl' };
// # 項羽本紀 {style="across"} sets the same Markdown across the page, 28 characters to
// the line: the lines run under the names. Its margins set its grid; the book's grid
// counts down the page.
const MEASURE = 28 * SIZE * PT; // mm
const across = {
  id: 'across',
  layout: { layoutType: 'single', writingMode: 'horizontal-tb' },
  margins: { top: mm(SIDE), bottom: mm(H - SIDE - 25 * LEAD * PT), // 25 lines
    left: mm((W - MEASURE) / 2), right: mm((W - MEASURE) / 2) },
};
// #endregion

// #region opener: one design both ways: a band over the text across, right of it down
// The grid centres the text between the minimum margins; the band stops at its foot.
const FOOT = 20 + (H - 24 - 20 - CHARS * SIZE * PT) / 2; // mm, with minimums of 24 and 20
const BAND = SIDE + 3.5 * LEAD * PT; // mm from the trim, which is the right edge down the page
const onBand = { align: 'left', overflow: 'wrap' }; // design text centres and cuts by default
const next = (id, y) => ({ anchor: { to: `#${id}`, edge: 'below' }, offset: { y: mm(y) } });
const opener = {
  enabled: true,
  minHeight: pt(4 * LEAD), // the text starts on the fifth line, half a line clear of the band
  slot: { elements: [
    // Across the page the band's length runs past the trim; down it, it ends at the text's
    // foot, clear of the folio.
    { kind: 'box', id: 'band', style: { backgroundColor: col('band') },
      placement: { anchor: { to: 'bleed', edge: 'top-left' },
        size: { width: mm(H - FOOT), height: mm(BAND) } } },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'kicker', content: '{attr.kicker}', ...onBand, fontFamily: HEI,
      fontWeight: 700, fontSize: pt(8), letterSpacing: pt(1.6), color: col('tint'),
      placement: { anchor: { to: 'container', edge: 'top-left' }, offset: { y: mm(6 - SIDE) } } },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'title', content: '{titleText}', ...onBand, fontFamily: SONG,
      fontWeight: 700, fontSize: pt(46), lineHeight: 1, letterSpacing: pt(3),
      color: col('paper'), placement: next('kicker', 2) },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'byline', content: '{attr.byline}', ...onBand, fontFamily: KAI,
      fontSize: pt(10), color: col('tint'), placement: next('title', 2) },
  ] },
};
// #endregion

// #region folios: Chinese numerals at the outer foot, the slug line in the middle
const foot = (id, content, parity, edge, x, extra) => ({ kind: 'text', id, content, parity,
  fontFamily: HEI, fontSize: pt(7), color: col('muted'), ...extra,
  placement: { anchor: { to: 'page', edge }, offset: { x: mm(x), y: mm(-11) } } });
const folio = { fontFamily: SONG, fontSize: pt(9) };
// Bound on the right, a recto (odd) lies left of the spine: its outer edge is its left one.
const footer = { elements: [
  foot('folio-odd', '{pageNumber}', 'odd', 'bottom-left', SIDE, folio),
  foot('folio-even', '{pageNumber}', 'even', 'bottom-right', -SIDE, folio),
  foot('slug', '{attr.slug}', 'all', 'bottom', 0, { letterSpacing: pt(0.4) }),
] };
// #endregion

// The front page sets the headnote and the conventions in the Kai face. A section's
// bodyStyle sets its list numbers bold unless its orderedLists say otherwise.
const front = { id: 'front', bodyStyle: { fontFamily: KAI, orderedLists: { fontWeight: 400 } } };

const config = () => ({
  locale: 'zh-Hant', // Taiwan: full-width centred punctuation (gotcha: cjk-locale-tag)
  colorPalette,
  page: {
    sizePreset: 'custom', width: mm(W), height: mm(H), dpi: 150,
    // Minimums: the grid centres its 42 × 17 characters, 天頭 25.7 mm over 地腳 21.7 mm.
    margins: { top: mm(24), bottom: mm(20), left: mm(SIDE), right: mm(SIDE), mirror: true },
    pageNumbering: { format: 'trad-chinese-informal' }, // 一, 二, 三
  },
  layout,
  cjk,
  bodyText: {
    fontFamily: SONG, fontSize: pt(SIZE), lineHeight: pt(LEAD), color: col('ink'),
    boldColor: col('ink'), italicColor: col('ink'), referenceColor: col('ink'),
    textAlign: 'justify', firstLineIndent: em(2), indentAfterHeading: true,
  },
  headings: {
    fontFamily: HEI, fontWeight: 700, color: col('band'),
    levels: [
      // parity 'any': the H1 opens on the next page, either side (the default waits for a recto).
      { level: 1, span: 'page', breakBefore: { enabled: true, parity: 'any' },
        advancedDesign: opener, marginBottom: pt(0) },
      // No space above: 題解 sits on the fifth line, where the other pages' text starts;
      // a :::space line sets 凡例 apart from the headnote.
      { level: 2, fontSize: pt(SIZE), lineHeight: pt(LEAD), letterSpacing: pt(2),
        marginTop: pt(0), marginBottom: pt(0) },
    ],
  },
  headingStyles: [front, across],
  // No gap after 一、: the text starts two ems in, on the grid, like a paragraph's.
  orderedLists: { numberFormat: 'trad-chinese-informal', separator: '、', fontFamily: KAI,
    fontWeight: 400, color: col('ink'), gap: em(0), marginTop: pt(0), marginBottom: pt(0) },
  paragraphStyles: [
    { id: 'colophon', fontFamily: HEI, fontSize: pt(7), lineHeight: pt(10), color: col('muted'),
      textAlign: 'left', firstLineIndent: pt(0), marginTop: pt(LEAD) },
  ],
  header: { elements: [] }, // every page opens a section: the band is its head
  footer,
});

// ─── 2 · Content ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// The Chinese is the same in both editions; the slug lines and the colophon change.
const markdown = String.raw`---
title: "史記選讀"
author: "司馬遷"
---

# 史記選讀 {style="front" kicker="版式樣張" byline="題解　凡例" slug="Specimen sheet: the headnote and the conventions"}

## 題解

:book[項羽本紀]是:book[史記]第七卷，記述:name[秦]末:name[項羽]起兵、分封諸侯，以至兵敗:name[垓下]、自刎:name[烏江]的始末。:name[司馬遷]將這位未曾稱帝的人物列入「本紀」，與帝王並列。本樣張節錄篇首，寫:name[項羽]的出身與少年志氣。:name[東漢]:name[班固]:book[漢書]:book[陳勝項籍傳]敘述同一段事，文字大多沿用:book[史記]。

:::space

## 凡例

1. 正文依維基文庫所收:book[史記]卷七錄文；標點、分段與題解為本樣張所加。
2. 人名、地名、國名、朝代名旁加專名號，直排標於字左，橫排標於字下。
3. 書名、篇名旁加浪線書名號，位置與專名號相同，如:book[史記]:book[項羽本紀]。
4. 兩個專名緊相連接時各自畫線，相接處各縮八分之一字，如:name[楚]:name[漢]、:name[東漢]:name[班固]。
5. 需要強調的字旁加著重號，直排在字右，橫排在字下，如:dots[萬人敵]。

# 項羽本紀 {kicker="樣張一　直排" byline="〔漢〕司馬遷" slug="Specimen 1, down the page: the lines stand left of the names"}

:name[項籍]者，:name[下相]人也，字:name[羽]。初起時，年二十四。其季父:name[項梁]。:name[梁]父即:name[楚]將:name[項燕]，為:name[秦]將:name[王翦]所戮者也。:name[項氏]世世為:name[楚]將，封於:name[項]，故姓:name[項氏]。

:name[項籍]少時，學書不成，去學劍，又不成。:name[項梁]怒之。:name[籍]曰：「書，足以記名姓而已；劍，一人敵，不足學。學萬人敵。」於是:name[項梁]乃教:name[籍]兵法。:name[籍]大喜，略知其意，又不肯竟學。

:name[項梁]嘗有:name[櫟陽]逮，乃請:name[蘄]獄掾:name[曹咎]書抵:name[櫟陽]獄掾:name[司馬欣]，以故事得已。:name[項梁]殺人，與:name[籍]避仇於:name[吳中]，:name[吳中]賢士大夫皆出:name[項梁]下。每:name[吳中]有大繇役及喪，:name[項梁]常為主辦，陰以兵法部勒賓客及子弟，以是知其能。

:name[秦始皇帝]游:name[會稽]，渡:name[浙江]，:name[梁]與:name[籍]俱觀。:name[籍]曰：「彼可取而代也！」:name[梁]掩其口曰：「毋妄言，族矣。」:name[梁]以此奇:name[籍]。:name[籍]長八尺餘，力能扛鼎，才氣過人，雖:name[吳中]子弟，皆已憚:name[籍]矣。

# 項羽本紀 {style="across" kicker="樣張二　橫排" byline="〔漢〕司馬遷" slug="Specimen 2, across the page: the lines run under the names"}

:name[項籍]者，:name[下相]人也，字:name[羽]。初起時，年二十四。其季父:name[項梁]。:name[梁]父即:name[楚]將:name[項燕]，為:name[秦]將:name[王翦]所戮者也。:name[項氏]世世為:name[楚]將，封於:name[項]，故姓:name[項氏]。

:name[項籍]少時，學書不成，去學劍，又不成。:name[項梁]怒之。:name[籍]曰：「書，足以記名姓而已；劍，一人敵，不足學。學萬人敵。」於是:name[項梁]乃教:name[籍]兵法。:name[籍]大喜，略知其意，又不肯竟學。

:name[項梁]嘗有:name[櫟陽]逮，乃請:name[蘄]獄掾:name[曹咎]書抵:name[櫟陽]獄掾:name[司馬欣]，以故事得已。:name[項梁]殺人，與:name[籍]避仇於:name[吳中]，:name[吳中]賢士大夫皆出:name[項梁]下。每:name[吳中]有大繇役及喪，:name[項梁]常為主辦，陰以兵法部勒賓客及子弟，以是知其能。

:name[秦始皇帝]游:name[會稽]，渡:name[浙江]，:name[梁]與:name[籍]俱觀。:name[籍]曰：「彼可取而代也！」:name[梁]掩其口曰：「毋妄言，族矣。」:name[梁]以此奇:name[籍]。:name[籍]長八尺餘，力能扛鼎，才氣過人，雖:name[吳中]子弟，皆已憚:name[籍]矣。

:::paragraphs{style="colophon"}
Set in Noto Serif TC, Noto Sans TC and LXGW WenKai TC (SIL Open Font License). Text: Sima Qian, Shiji, chapter 7, from zh.wikisource (public domain). Punctuation, paragraphs, headnote and conventions written for this specimen (CC BY 4.0).
:::
`; // content.<lang>.md, inlined by the Cookbook

// ─── 3 · Fonts ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// A Chinese face comes in slices: each voice loads the files of the text it sets
// (gotcha: cjk-fonts-slices). Kai sets the front page and the bylines, Hei the small heads.
const FONTS = {
  'Noto Serif TC': ['400', '700'],
  'Noto Sans TC': ['400', '700'],
  'LXGW WenKai TC': ['400'],
};
const heads = markdown.match(/^#.*$/gm).join('\n'); // titles, kickers, bylines, slug lines
const preface = markdown.slice(0, markdown.indexOf('\n# ', markdown.indexOf('# ') + 2));
const colophon = markdown.slice(markdown.lastIndexOf(':::paragraphs'));
const NUMERALS = '一二三四五六七八九十、'; // folios and list numbers, which the text may lack

// ─── 4 · Build & show ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
await loadFonts(FONTS, markdown);
await loadCjkFonts({ [SONG]: ['400'] }, markdown + NUMERALS, { vertical: true });
// The bold sets the two titles, which have no punctuation, so it loads no vertical forms.
// A browser that ignores the forms' feature settings would otherwise take a twin of the
// bold files for vertical forms and set the text's brackets upright in the regular.
await loadCjkFonts({ [SONG]: ['700'] }, heads);
await loadCjkFonts({ [HEI]: ['400', '700'] }, heads + colophon, { vertical: true });
await loadCjkFonts({ [KAI]: ['400'] }, preface + heads + NUMERALS, { vertical: true });
const doc = await withLoadedFonts(() => buildDocument({ markdown }, config()),
  { ...kitFonts(FONTS), text: markdown });
showBook(doc, { title: t({ en: 'Name and title marks, down and across',
  es: 'Marcas de nombre y de título, en vertical y en horizontal' }) });
offerPdf(() => renderToPdf(doc, { fontProvider: cjkPdfProvider }), `${RECIPE}.pdf`);

// ─── Kit ── helpers shared by every Cookbook recipe · postext.dev/cookbook ─────

// ─── Kit · core v1 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook
function mm(value) { return { value, unit: 'mm' }; }
function pt(value) { return { value, unit: 'pt' }; }
function em(value) { return { value, unit: 'em' }; }
/** The sample language's string: t({ en: 'Figure', es: 'Figura' }). */
function t(strings) { return strings[LANG] ?? Object.values(strings)[0]; }
/** A file in this recipe's assets folder, served from the Postext repo by jsDelivr. */
function asset(file) { return `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/drnachio/postext@main/cookbook/${RECIPE}/assets/${file}`; }

// ─── Kit · fonts v3 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook
// Postext loads the faces a config asks for before layout (prepareFonts,
// buildDocumentWithFonts) and asks the kit for the files: Fontsource's, the
// files the PDF embeds too.

/** The options of buildDocumentWithFonts / prepareFonts / withLoadedFonts:
 *  the Fontsource resolver, and the faces of FONTS loaded with the ones the
 *  config names. FONTS = { 'Family Name': ['400', '400i', '700'] }. */
function kitFonts(FONTS = {}) {
  const faces = Object.entries(FONTS).flatMap(([family, specs]) => specs.map((spec) =>
    ({ family, weight: parseInt(spec, 10), style: spec.endsWith('i') ? 'italic' : 'normal' })));
  return { resolve: fontsourceResolver, faces };
}

/** A face's Fontsource files, in a fixed order: latin, then latin-ext and greek
 *  when `text` needs them and the family ships them (kitSubsetsFor), each with
 *  its unicode-range. Null for a weight or slant Fontsource does not ship. */
async function fontsourceResolver(family, weight, style, { text = '' } = {}) {
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  const meta = await fontsourceMeta(family);
  if (meta && !(meta.weights.includes(weight) && meta.styles.includes(style))) return null;
  kitStatus('Loading fonts…');
  const at = await fontsourceAt(id);
  return ['latin', ...kitSubsetsFor(text, meta)].map((subset) => ({
    source: `${at}files/${id}-${subset}-${weight}-${style}.woff2`,
    unicodeRange: kitRanges()[subset],
  }));
}

/** The unicode-range of each Fontsource file the kit loads (a function: the
 *  kit is inlined after the pen's code, which runs before a const would be set). */
function kitRanges() {
  return {
    latin: 'U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,'
      + 'U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD',
    'latin-ext': 'U+0100-02BA,U+02BD-02C5,U+02C7-02CC,U+02CE-02D7,U+02DD-02FF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,'
      + 'U+1D00-1DBF,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20C0,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF',
    greek: 'U+0370-03FF',
  };
}

/** For the cjk, arabic and comics blocks, which add their own files: the
 *  faces of `faces` = { 'Family Name': ['400', '400i', '700'] }. `text` is the sample:
 *  č ł † α χ also load latin-ext and greek files (kitSubsetsFor). With
 *  `optional`, a face Fontsource does not ship is skipped instead of failing.
 *  The files are added once all have loaded, in the order asked (latin, then
 *  latin-ext, then greek), whatever order they arrive in: the last one added
 *  wins a character two files hold. Resolves to the number of faces added. */
async function loadFonts(faces, text = '', { optional = false } = {}) {
  kitStatus('Loading fonts…');
  const ranges = kitRanges();
  const jobs = [];
  for (const [family, specs] of Object.entries(faces)) {
    const id = fontsourceId(family);
    const todo = [...new Set(specs)].map((spec) => [parseInt(spec, 10), spec.endsWith('i') ? 'italic' : 'normal'])
      .filter(([weight, style]) => !hasFace(family, weight, style)); // before any await
    const at = fontsourceAt(id);
    const meta = optional || /[^\0-ÿ]/u.test(text) ? await fontsourceMeta(family) : null;
    const subsets = ['latin', ...kitSubsetsFor(text, meta)];
    for (const [weight, style] of todo) {
      if (optional && !(meta?.weights.includes(weight) && meta.styles.includes(style))) continue;
      for (const subset of subsets) {
        const url = `${await at}files/${id}-${subset}-${weight}-${style}.woff2`;
        const face = new FontFace(family, `url(${url}) format('woff2')`,
          { weight: String(weight), style, unicodeRange: ranges[subset] });
        jobs.push(face.load().catch(() => {
          if (subset === 'latin' && !optional) throw new Error(`Fontsource has no ${family} ${weight} ${style}`);
        }));
      }
    }
  }
  const ready = await Promise.all(jobs).catch((error) => { kitFail(error); throw error; });
  return ready.filter((face) => face && document.fonts.add(face)).length;
}

/** A loaded FontFace covers this family, weight and style (fonts.check() would
 *  also say yes for families nobody declared). */
function hasFace(family, weight, style) {
  for (const face of document.fonts) {
    if (face.status !== 'loaded' || face.style !== style) continue;
    if (face.family.replace(/^["']|["']$/g, '') !== family) continue;
    const [low, high = low] = face.weight.split(' ').map(Number);
    if (weight >= low && weight <= high) return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/** The files beyond latin `text` needs that `meta`'s family ships. */
function kitSubsetsFor(text, meta) {
  return [[/[Ā-˿ᴀ-ᶿḀ-ỿ†ℓⱠ-Ɀ꜠-ꟿ]/u, 'latin-ext'], [/[Ͱ-Ͽ]/u, 'greek']]
    .filter(([re, x]) => re.test(text) && meta?.subsets?.includes(x)).map(([, x]) => x);
}

/** Fontsource's id for a family: 'Source Serif 4' → 'source-serif-4'. */
function fontsourceId(family) { return family.toLowerCase().replace(/\s+/g, '-'); }

/** A package's folder at the one version @5 names now (#766). */
function fontsourceAt(id, u = `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fontsource/${id}@`) {
  return (fontsourceAt.c ??= {})[id] ??= fetch(u + '5/package.json').then((r) => r.json())
    .then((p) => p.version || 5, () => 5).then((v) => `${u}${v}/`);
}

/** The family's Fontsource metadata (weights, styles, subsets), or null. */
function fontsourceMeta(family) {
  fontsourceMeta.cache ??= new Map();
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  if (!fontsourceMeta.cache.has(id)) {
    fontsourceMeta.cache.set(id, fetch(`https://api.fontsource.org/v1/fonts/${id}`)
      .then((res) => (res.ok ? res.json() : null), () => null));
  }
  return fontsourceMeta.cache.get(id);
}

// ─── Kit · viewer v2 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook
/** The pages as spreads on a dark desk, page 1 alone, then verso | recto,
 *  each painted when it scrolls near. Other options go to renderPageToCanvas. */
function showPages(docs, { title, width = 460, ...render } = {}) {
  const root = viewer(title);
  const pages = [docs].flat().flatMap((doc) =>
    doc.pages.map((page) => ({ doc, page, n: (doc.pageIndexOffset ?? 0) + page.index })));
  const spreads = [];
  let verso = null;
  for (const p of pages) {
    if (p.n % 2 === 1) { if (verso) spreads.push([verso, null]); verso = p; }
    else { spreads.push([verso, p]); verso = null; }
  }
  if (verso) spreads.push([verso, null]);
  const density = Math.min(window.devicePixelRatio || 1, 2);
  showPages.painter?.disconnect();
  const painter = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => {
    for (const { isIntersecting, target } of entries) {
      if (!isIntersecting) continue;
      painter.unobserve(target);
      const { doc, page } = target.postext;
      renderPageToCanvas(page, doc, target, { ...render, scale: (width * density) / page.width });
    }
  }, { rootMargin: '800px' });
  showPages.painter = painter;
  root.replaceChildren(...spreads.map((pair) => {
    const spread = document.createElement('div');
    spread.className = 'pt-spread';
    for (const p of pair) {
      const figure = document.createElement('figure');
      if (p) {
        const label = p.page.pageLabel || String(p.n + 1);
        const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
        canvas.postext = p;
        canvas.style.aspectRatio = `${p.page.width} / ${p.page.height}`;
        canvas.setAttribute('role', 'img');
        canvas.setAttribute('aria-label', `Page ${label}`);
        const folio = document.createElement('figcaption');
        folio.textContent = label;
        figure.append(canvas, folio);
        painter.observe(canvas);
      } else figure.className = 'pt-blank';
      spread.append(figure);
    }
    return spread;
  }));
  kitStatus(`${pages.length} ${pages.length === 1 ? 'page' : 'pages'}`);
  document.documentElement.dataset.postext = 'ready';
  return pages.length;
}

/** The desk, the bar and the error reporting, created once. */
function viewer(title) {
  if (!document.getElementById('pt-kit')) {
    document.head.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', `<style id="pt-kit">
      :root { color-scheme: dark; }
      body { margin: 0; background: #0e1014; color: #b9bcc4; font: 13px/1.45 system-ui, sans-serif; }
      #pt-bar { position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 1; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center;
        gap: 6px 16px; padding: 10px 16px; background: rgb(14 16 20 / .92); backdrop-filter: blur(6px);
        border-bottom: 1px solid #23262d; }
      #pt-bar strong { color: #f4f1ea; font-weight: 600; }
      #pt-actions { display: flex; gap: 12px; margin-left: auto; }
      #pt-actions a, #pt-actions button { color: #d8a21a; font: inherit; background: none; border: 0; padding: 0; cursor: pointer; }
      #pages { display: grid; justify-items: center; gap: 48px; padding: 32px 16px 72px; }
      .pt-spread { display: flex; }
      .pt-spread figure { margin: 0; width: min(460px, 44vw); }
      .pt-spread canvas { display: block; width: 100%; background: #fff;
        box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / .5), 0 22px 44px -16px rgb(0 0 0 / .8); }
      .pt-spread figure:first-child canvas { box-shadow: inset -14px 0 14px -14px rgb(0 0 0 / .18), 0 1px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / .5), 0 22px 44px -16px rgb(0 0 0 / .8); }
      .pt-spread figcaption { margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; font: 600 10px/1 system-ui, sans-serif;
        letter-spacing: .18em; text-transform: uppercase; color: #6c7079; }
      .pt-blank { visibility: hidden; }
      @media (max-width: 760px) {
        .pt-spread { flex-direction: column; gap: 32px; }
        .pt-spread figure { width: min(460px, 92vw); }
        .pt-blank { display: none; }
      }
    </style>`);
    document.body.insertAdjacentHTML('afterbegin',
      '<header id="pt-bar"><strong id="pt-title"></strong><span id="pt-status" role="status"></span><span id="pt-actions"></span></header>');
    document.getElementById('pt-title').textContent = document.title || 'Postext';
    addEventListener('error', (event) => kitFail(event.error ?? event.message));
    addEventListener('unhandledrejection', (event) => kitFail(event.reason));
  }
  if (title) document.getElementById('pt-title').textContent = title;
  return document.getElementById('pages')
    ?? document.body.appendChild(Object.assign(document.createElement('main'), { id: 'pages' }));
}

function kitStatus(text) {
  viewer();
  document.getElementById('pt-status').textContent = text;
}

function kitFail(error) {
  document.documentElement.dataset.postext = 'error';
  kitStatus(`Error: ${error?.message ?? error}`);
}

// ─── Kit · pdf v3 ── the same in every recipe that exports a PDF
/** The Fontsource files the screen used, as TrueType, with their range and
 *  place: the nearest weight the family ships, upright with no italic;
 *  latin, then what its letters need (kitSubsetsFor). */
async function fontsourceProvider(family, weight, style, request) {
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  const meta = await fontsourceMeta(family);
  const weights = meta?.weights?.length ? meta.weights : [400, 700];
  const w = weights.reduce((a, b) => (Math.abs(b - weight) < Math.abs(a - weight) ? b : a));
  const s = style === 'italic' && meta && !meta.styles.includes('italic') ? 'normal' : style;
  const text = String.fromCodePoint(...(request?.codePoints ?? []));
  const files = await Promise.all(['latin', ...kitSubsetsFor(text, meta)].map(async (subset, order) => {
    const res = await fetch(`${await fontsourceAt(id)}files/${id}-${subset}-${w}-${s}.woff2`);
    if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`Fontsource has no ${family} ${w} ${s} ${subset}`);
    return Object.assign(await decompressWoff2(new Uint8Array(await res.arrayBuffer())),
      { unicodeRange: kitRanges()[subset], order });
  }));
  return files.length === 1 ? files[0] : files;
}

/** A "Build the PDF" button; then "Open the PDF" (a new tab: CodePen's frame
 *  shows no PDFs) and a download link. */
function offerPdf(makePdf, filename) {
  viewer();
  const button = Object.assign(document.createElement('button'), { type: 'button', textContent: 'Build the PDF' });
  button.dataset.postextPdf = filename;
  button.addEventListener('click', async () => {
    button.disabled = true;
    button.textContent = 'Building the PDF…';
    try {
      const bytes = await makePdf();
      const url = URL.createObjectURL(new Blob([bytes], { type: 'application/pdf' }));
      const size = `${Math.max(1, Math.round(bytes.length / 1024))} KB`;
      button.replaceWith(
        Object.assign(document.createElement('a'), { href: url, target: '_blank', rel: 'noopener', textContent: 'Open the PDF ↗' }),
        Object.assign(document.createElement('a'), { href: url, download: filename, textContent: `Download ${filename} · ${size}` }));
    } catch (error) {
      button.disabled = false;
      button.textContent = 'Build the PDF';
      kitFail(error);
    }
  });
  document.getElementById('pt-actions').append(button);
}

// ─── Kit · cjk v2 ── Chinese, Japanese and Korean books · postext.dev/cookbook
// Fontsource ships a CJK family as about a hundred files per weight, each
// declared in its stylesheet with the unicode-range it covers. The screen
// loads the files the sample touches; the PDF gets the same files for the
// characters its pages set in each face, and embeds each as a subset.
// A book bound on the right (vertical text) is shown with its spreads
// mirrored: page 1 alone on the left of the spine, then [3 | 2].

/** The files of a Fontsource face, read from its stylesheet: { url, range,
 *  ranges }, the last declared first (the order the browser tries them in). */
function cjkSlices(family, weight, style) {
  cjkSlices.cache ??= new Map();
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  const css = `${id}/${weight}${style === 'italic' ? '-italic' : ''}.css`;
  if (!cjkSlices.cache.has(css)) {
    let at;
    cjkSlices.cache.set(css, fontsourceAt(id).then((a) => fetch(at = a + css.slice(id.length + 1)))
      .then((res) => {
        if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`Fontsource has no ${family} ${weight} ${style} (${res.status})`);
        return res.text();
      })
      .then((text) => [...text.matchAll(/@font-face\s*{([^}]*)}/g)].map(([, rule]) => {
        const range = /unicode-range:\s*([^;]+);/.exec(rule)?.[1].trim() ?? 'U+0-10FFFF';
        const ranges = range.split(',').map((part) => {
          const [lo, hi = lo] = part.trim().slice(2).split('-');
          return [parseInt(lo, 16), parseInt(hi, 16)];
        });
        return { url: new URL(/url\(([^)]+?\.woff2)\)/.exec(rule)[1], at).href, range, ranges };
      }).reverse()));
  }
  return cjkSlices.cache.get(css);
}

/** The file of `slices` the screen sets code point `cp` in, if any: the
 *  last one loadCjkFonts adds whose range holds it. A numbered file that
 *  repeats a letter of latin is added after latin, and wins it. */
function cjkSliceFor(slices, cp) {
  const holds = (slice) => slice.ranges.some(([lo, hi]) => cp >= lo && cp <= hi);
  return slices.reduce((last, slice) => (holds(slice) ? slice : last), undefined);
}

/** Whether Fontsource serves `family` as a Chinese, Japanese or Korean
 *  family (its subsets name the script). Fails when the API does not
 *  answer: a CJK face taken for a Latin one would paint in a system face. */
async function isCjkFamily(family) {
  const meta = await fontsourceMeta(family);
  if (!meta) throw new Error(`api.fontsource.org did not describe ${family}: reload to try again`);
  return !!meta.subsets?.some((subset) => /^(chinese|japanese|korean)/.test(subset));
}

/** faces = { 'Noto Serif TC': ['400', '700'] }, as for loadFonts: the
 *  whole FONTS object may be passed, its other families are left to
 *  loadFonts. Adds one FontFace per file of each CJK face with its
 *  unicodeRange, then loads the files `text` touches. `text` is what the
 *  faces set: the sample for the text face; a book in several voices calls
 *  it once per voice (loadCjkFonts({ 'LXGW WenKai TC': ['400'] }, quotes)),
 *  so the heading and quotation faces fetch and check only their own
 *  characters. Fails when a character of `text` is in no file of a face.
 *  List every weight the pages use: a weight left to the engine's later round
 *  gets the latin file only. With { vertical: true } it also loads each
 *  family's vertical forms (brackets, quotes, pause marks) for the canvas,
 *  which needs loadVerticalAlternates imported from postext. Resolves to
 *  the number of files loaded. */
async function loadCjkFonts(faces, text, { vertical = false } = {}) {
  kitStatus('Loading fonts…');
  let loaded = 0;
  try {
    if (vertical && typeof loadVerticalAlternates !== 'function') {
      throw new Error('loadCjkFonts(…, { vertical: true }) needs loadVerticalAlternates imported from postext');
    }
    for (const [family, specs] of Object.entries(faces)) {
      if (!(await isCjkFamily(family))) continue;
      const twin = [];
      for (const spec of new Set(specs)) {
        const weight = parseInt(spec, 10);
        const style = spec.endsWith('i') ? 'italic' : 'normal';
        const slices = await cjkSlices(family, weight, style);
        const missing = [...new Set(text)].filter((ch) => /\S/.test(ch) && !cjkSliceFor(slices, ch.codePointAt(0)));
        if (missing.length) {
          throw new Error(`${family} ${spec} has no file for ${missing.slice(0, 12).join(' ')}: `
            + `give each face the text it sets (loadCjkFonts({ '${family}': ['${spec}'] }, text))`);
        }
        for (const slice of slices) {
          document.fonts.add(new FontFace(family, `url(${slice.url}) format('woff2')`,
            { weight: String(weight), style, unicodeRange: slice.range }));
          twin.push({ source: slice.url, weight: String(weight), style, unicodeRange: slice.range });
        }
        const font = `${style === 'italic' ? 'italic ' : ''}${weight} 16px "${family}"`;
        loaded += (await document.fonts.load(font, text)).length;
        if (!document.fonts.check(font, text)) throw new Error(`${family} ${spec} did not load for the sample`);
      }
      // The same files under a twin name with the `vert` feature on: the
      // canvas paints the punctuation of vertical lines with it.
      if (vertical && twin.length) await loadVerticalAlternates(family, twin);
    }
  } catch (error) {
    kitFail(error);
    throw error;
  }
  return loaded;
}

/** The PDF font provider for recipes with CJK faces: a family whose
 *  Fontsource subsets are Chinese, Japanese or Korean gets the files the
 *  screen set its pages' characters in (`request.codePoints`), each marked
 *  with its unicode-range and its place in the order loadCjkFonts added
 *  them: postext-pdf sets a character two files hold in the one added
 *  last, as the browser does. Any other family gets the latin file
 *  fontsourceProvider fetches (the "pdf" block) and, when the face sets
 *  letters only latin-ext has, that file too. */
async function cjkPdfProvider(family, weight, style, request) {
  if (!(await isCjkFamily(family))) return cjkLatinPdfFiles(family, weight, style, request);
  const meta = await fontsourceMeta(family);
  const weights = meta.weights?.length ? meta.weights : [400, 700];
  const w = weights.reduce((a, b) => (Math.abs(b - weight) < Math.abs(a - weight) ? b : a));
  const s = style === 'italic' && !meta.styles.includes('italic') ? 'normal' : style;
  const slices = await cjkSlices(family, w, s);
  const picked = new Set();
  for (const cp of request?.codePoints ?? []) {
    const slice = cjkSliceFor(slices, cp);
    if (slice) picked.add(slice);
  }
  if (!picked.size) picked.add(slices[0]);
  return Promise.all(slices.map(async (slice, order) => {
    if (!picked.has(slice)) return null;
    const res = await fetch(slice.url);
    if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`Fontsource file ${slice.url} (${res.status})`);
    const bytes = await decompressWoff2(new Uint8Array(await res.arrayBuffer()));
    return Object.assign(bytes, { unicodeRange: slice.range, order });
  })).then((files) => files.filter(Boolean));
}

/** A Latin family set next to the CJK faces: its latin file, then its
 *  latin-ext file when the face sets letters only latin-ext has (ō ū in
 *  Hepburn rōmaji, ǎ in pinyin), the file loadFonts adds on screen for
 *  them, each marked with its unicode-range and its place in that order:
 *  the PDF sets a character in the file the browser took it from. A face
 *  Fontsource ships without latin-ext, or whose file does not come, gets
 *  latin alone, and the PDF names the letters it lacks. */
async function cjkLatinPdfFiles(family, weight, style, request) {
  const meta = await fontsourceMeta(family);
  const beyond = [...(request?.codePoints ?? [])].some(cjkLatinExtOnly);
  if (!beyond || !meta?.subsets?.includes('latin-ext')) return fontsourceProvider(family, weight, style);
  const weights = meta.weights?.length ? meta.weights : [400, 700];
  const w = weights.reduce((a, b) => (Math.abs(b - weight) < Math.abs(a - weight) ? b : a));
  const s = style === 'italic' && !meta.styles.includes('italic') ? 'normal' : style;
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  const url = `${await fontsourceAt(id)}files/${id}-latin-ext-${w}-${s}.woff2`;
  const [latin, ext] = await Promise.all([fontsourceProvider(family, weight, style), fetch(url)
    .then(async (res) => (res.ok ? decompressWoff2(new Uint8Array(await res.arrayBuffer())) : null), () => null)]);
  const ranges = kitRanges();
  return ext ? [Object.assign(latin, { unicodeRange: ranges.latin, order: 0 }),
    Object.assign(ext, { unicodeRange: ranges['latin-ext'], order: 1 })] : latin;
}

/** Whether code point `cp` is in Fontsource's latin-ext file and not in
 *  its latin file: Latin Extended-A and -B, IPA, the spacing modifiers and
 *  Latin Extended Additional (loadFonts's test for latin-ext), less the
 *  few latin holds too (ı Œ œ ʻ ʼ ˆ ˚ ˜). */
function cjkLatinExtOnly(cp) {
  if (!((cp >= 0x100 && cp <= 0x2ff) || (cp >= 0x1e00 && cp <= 0x1eff))) return false;
  return ![0x131, 0x152, 0x153, 0x2bb, 0x2bc, 0x2c6, 0x2da, 0x2dc].includes(cp);
}

/** showPages for a book bound on either edge. A right-bound book (the
 *  document says so: doc.binding is 'right' for page.binding 'right' and
 *  for vertical text) lies on the desk as it opens: page 1 alone on the
 *  left of the spine, then [3 | 2], the spine shade on each page's inner
 *  edge. `binding` ('left' | 'right') overrides the document's. */
function showBook(docs, { binding, ...options } = {}) {
  const count = showPages(docs, options);
  const right = (binding ?? [docs].flat()[0]?.binding) === 'right';
  if (!document.getElementById('pt-kit-cjk')) {
    // The pages keep direction ltr: a canvas draws text in the direction its
    // element inherits, and under rtl each run would end where the engine
    // starts it, its brackets mirrored.
    document.head.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', `<style id="pt-kit-cjk">
      .pt-spread[dir="rtl"] canvas { direction: ltr; }
      .pt-spread[dir="rtl"] figure:first-child canvas { box-shadow: inset 14px 0 14px -14px rgb(0 0 0 / .18),
        0 1px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / .5), 0 22px 44px -16px rgb(0 0 0 / .8); }
    </style>`);
  }
  // Each pair stays [verso, recto] in the page; right to left, the verso
  // sits on the right. Phones stack the pages in reading order either way.
  for (const spread of document.querySelectorAll('#pages > .pt-spread')) spread.dir = right ? 'rtl' : 'ltr';
  document.getElementById('pages').dataset.binding = right ? 'right' : 'left';
  return count;
}

// ─── /Kit ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
```

## Varianti

### Stampa i titoli tra 《》

I libri della Cina continentale, fuori dai classici, compongono i titoli tra parentesi: il Markdown resta com’è e le parentesi si stampano come punteggiatura del testo.

```diff
-  bookTitleMark: 'wavy', // zh-Hant's default; mainland editions of the classics use it too
+  bookTitleMark: 'brackets', // 《史記》《項羽本紀》
```

### Stampa i segni nell’inchiostro del testo

Lascia `annotationColor` non impostato e ogni segno prende il colore del blocco che segna.

```diff
-  annotationColor: col('mark'), // unset, the marks print in the colour of the text
```

## Errori frequenti

- **Assegna al documento il tag zh-Hans o zh-Hant, non LANG.** Le edizioni di una ricetta sono en ed es, ma un esempio cinese è cinese in entrambe: `locale: LANG` gli darebbe il tag inglese o spagnolo, sillaberebbe le sue parole latine, etichetterebbe le figure Figure o Figura e darebbe al PDF la lingua sbagliata. Da postext 1.30 il tag è anche la lingua usata per lo shaping del testo (misura, disegno e incorporamento), quindi con un tag inglese o spagnolo un carattere cinese compone in altre forme le cifre e la punteggiatura che condivide con il testo latino, e le righe vanno a capo altrove. Scrivi tu il tag: 'zh-Hans' (convenzioni della Cina continentale: divisione in righe GB, punteggiatura Kaiming) o 'zh-Hant' (Taiwan: punteggiatura centrata a tutta larghezza); 'zh-HK' per Hong Kong. Un 'zh' da solo vale come semplificato, Cina continentale. Un esempio giapponese prende 'ja' (errore frequente ja-locale-tag).
- **I caratteri cinesi si caricano a fette, tramite il blocco cjk.** Fontsource serve una famiglia cinese, giapponese o coreana come un centinaio di file per peso, ognuno dei quali copre un intervallo di caratteri. loadFonts scarica solo il file latin, così a schermo i caratteri Han vengono da un font di sistema e sono misurati male, e fontsourceProvider passa al PDF quel file latin, che li stampa come riquadri vuoti. Elenca il blocco cjk del kit, chiama loadCjkFonts(FONTS, markdown) dopo loadFonts (una volta per voce tipografica, con il testo che compone, quando il libro usa più caratteri CJK) e passa a renderToPdf fontProvider: cjkPdfProvider: entrambi prendono i file che contengono i caratteri del testo.
- **Un libro rilegato a destra mostra le doppie pagine con showBook.** In un libro rilegato a destra (testo arabo, ebraico o persiano, cinese verticale, o page.binding 'right') la pagina 1 resta il recto, ma sta a sinistra del dorso, e le coppie si leggono [3 | 2]. showPages dispone ogni libro come rilegato a sinistra; showBook del blocco book (il blocco cjk porta la stessa funzione) legge doc.binding e rispecchia le coppie. capture.hero indica comunque una doppia pagina in ordine di lettura, [verso, recto]: [2, 3].
- **Il cinese non ha corsivo.** Le famiglie CJK non includono corsivi, e la tipografia cinese segna l’enfasi con punti accanto ai caratteri, non con un’inclinazione. In un documento con tag cinese, *…* mette i punti d’enfasi sui caratteri cinesi che contiene e riserva il corsivo alle parole latine (cjk.emphasis: 'dots', il valore predefinito per il cinese); :dots[…] li mette ovunque. Con cjk.emphasis: 'italic', o in un documento con tag en o es, *…* fa inclinare al canvas i glifi in tondo, un obliquo sintetico che la tipografia cinese non usa mai (il PDF ripiega sulla variante in tondo): mantieni il tag cinese, oppure componi l’enfasi in grassetto o in un carattere Kai (LXGW WenKai) tramite uno stile di paragrafo o di chip.
- **Avviso di impaginazione: Segni troppo vicini alla riga successiva** (`cjkMarksExceedLeading`). Un paragrafo con punti d’enfasi o con linee per nomi propri e titoli di libri ha uno spazio tra le righe inferiore a mezzo em (cinque ottavi con segni su entrambi i lati): i segni stanno nell’interlinea, la cui altezza non cambia mai per loro, quindi toccano la riga successiva. Soluzione: Dai al paragrafo uno stile di paragrafo con più interlinea, oppure aumenta `bodyText.lineHeight`. ([Documentazione](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-east-asian.md#segni-ruby-e-warichu))

- Un titolo disegnato da un design stampa il suo testo attraverso il design, e il testo di design perde i segni: `# :book[項羽本紀]` non mostrerebbe alcuna linea ondulata nella fascia. Anche le testatine, le didascalie e le celle di tabella stampano il loro testo senza segni.
- Postext non si ferma su `cjkMarksExceedLeading`: la build lo elenca in `doc.contentWarnings` e il pannello Verifiche della Sandbox lo mostra, ma le pagine si stampano comunque, con i segni che invadono la riga successiva. Quando cambi l’interlinea, leggi quell’elenco; a 15 pt contiene ogni paragrafo segnato di queste pagine.

## Crediti

- Ricetta: Ignacio Ferro ([@drnachio](https://github.com/drnachio))
- Testo: The opening of the Basic Annals of Xiang Yu (項羽本紀), Records of the Grand Historian (史記), chapter 7; characters from the zh.wikisource transcription: Sima Qian (司馬遷) ([fonte](https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/史記/卷007)), pubblico dominio
- Testo: The punctuation, the paragraphs and the marks of the passage, the headnote (題解), the conventions (凡例), the slug lines and the colophon: Ignacio Ferro, CC-BY-4.0
- Caratteri: Noto Serif TC (OFL-1.1), Noto Sans TC (OFL-1.1), LXGW WenKai TC (OFL-1.1)
- Codice: MIT · Contenuto di esempio: CC-BY-4.0

## Ricette correlate

- [Nº 044 · Edizione critica: numeri di verso e note per verso](https://postext.dev/it/cookbook/critical-edition-line-numbers.md): Il Lycidas di Milton nel testo del 1645: lineNumbers stampa un numero ogni cinque versi nella colonna laterale, e ogni nota si apre su quel numero, come chip. · Livello 3 (Avanzato) · Poesia
- [Nº 081 · Date e sigle diritte nel testo verticale](https://postext.dev/it/cookbook/chinese-dates-upright.md): Due documenti fondativi del 1912 in verticale, rilegati a destra: i numeri di due cifre stanno diritti in una cella da soli, :tcy e :upright segnano il resto. · Livello 2 (Intermedio) · Libri di testo, Fogli singoli ed effimeri
- [Nº 122 · Kanbun con i segni di lettura e la lettura giapponese](https://postext.dev/it/cookbook/kanbun-kundoku.md): Tre detti dei Dialoghi e una quartina Tang composti alla giapponese: segni di ritorno e okurigana in vermiglione, e la lettura in kana sotto ogni passo. · Livello 2 (Intermedio) · Libri di testo