# Apparati finali di una tesi: appendice, glossario e indice

> Le ultime pagine di una tesi in bianco e nero: appendice con lettera, glossario su due colonne, bibliografia APA e un indice costruito dai segni nel testo.

- Versione HTML: https://postext.dev/it/cookbook/thesis-back-matter
- Ricetta Nº 031 · Struttura del libro · Livello 3 (Avanzato) · Output: Canvas, PDF
- Generi: Articoli scientifici e testi accademici
- Richiede postext ≥ 1.28.0, postext-pdf ≥ 1.28.0 · provata con 1.31.0, postext-pdf 1.31.0 il 2026-10-13
- Pagine: [171](https://postext.dev/cookbook/thesis-back-matter/en/p01.webp?v=6b02529f), [172](https://postext.dev/cookbook/thesis-back-matter/en/p02.webp?v=6b02529f), [173](https://postext.dev/cookbook/thesis-back-matter/en/p03.webp?v=6b02529f), [174](https://postext.dev/cookbook/thesis-back-matter/en/p04.webp?v=6b02529f), [175](https://postext.dev/cookbook/thesis-back-matter/en/p05.webp?v=6b02529f), [176](https://postext.dev/cookbook/thesis-back-matter/en/p06.webp?v=6b02529f), [177](https://postext.dev/cookbook/thesis-back-matter/en/p07.webp?v=6b02529f)
- PDF: https://postext.dev/cookbook/thesis-back-matter/en/thesis-back-matter.pdf?v=6b02529f
- Apri nella Sandbox: https://postext.dev/it/sandbox#recipe=thesis-back-matter&lang=en (.postext: https://postext.dev/cookbook/thesis-back-matter/en/thesis-back-matter.postext)
- Ultimo aggiornamento: 2026-10-11
- Altre lingue: [en](https://postext.dev/en/cookbook/thesis-back-matter.md), [es](https://postext.dev/es/cookbook/thesis-back-matter.md), [ca](https://postext.dev/ca/cookbook/thesis-back-matter.md), [de](https://postext.dev/de/cookbook/thesis-back-matter.md), [fr](https://postext.dev/fr/cookbook/thesis-back-matter.md), [pt](https://postext.dev/pt/cookbook/thesis-back-matter.md), [zh](https://postext.dev/zh/cookbook/thesis-back-matter.md), [ja](https://postext.dev/ja/cookbook/thesis-back-matter.md), [ar](https://postext.dev/ar/cookbook/thesis-back-matter.md)

## In breve

Le ultime pagine di una tesi di dottorato, dall’ultimo capitolo all’indice. Postext costruisce l’indice dalle parole segnate nel testo e ne inserisce i numeri di pagina.

## Che cosa comporrai

Le ultime sette pagine di una tesi di dottorato sulla lettura da schermo e su carta, composta su una pagina B5 in bianco e nero. Il capitolo 6, l’appendice A, il glossario, la bibliografia e l’indice si aprono ciascuno sotto la stessa fascia nera, alta 62 mm, con il titolo in negativo. Il capitolo mostra nella fascia il suo numero e l’appendice la sua lettera; le sezioni degli apparati finali portano l’occhiello BACK MATTER e una breve nota in corsivo. Il capitolo scorre su una colonna giustificata. Il glossario e l’indice passano a due colonne in bandiera e la bibliografia torna a una, con le righe successive di ogni voce rientrate. L’indice viene dai segni nel testo: il motore ordina i termini sotto le loro lettere, trova la pagina di ogni segno e unisce le pagine consecutive in intervalli come 171–73. I numeri in grassetto rimandano alle definizioni del glossario.

**Questa ricetta risponde a:**

- Come compongo glossario, bibliografia e indice di una tesi, con rientri sporgenti e un corpo più piccolo?
- Come costruisco un indice analitico i cui numeri di pagina cambiano da soli quando il testo si sposta?
- Come evito che titoli, parole in grassetto e punti elenco escano in blu?
- Come numero i titoli (1, 1.1, 1.1.1) e do a ogni livello uno stile diverso?
- Come imposto le testatine: titolo del libro sulla pagina sinistra, titolo del capitolo sulla destra, numero di pagina all’esterno?
- Come forzo un’interruzione di pagina o di colonna, e faccio cominciare ogni capitolo su una pagina destra?

## La risposta breve

```js
// script.js, righe 27–51
// '# Glossary {style="glossary"}' in the Markdown picks a style. Each style starts a page
// of either parity, the appendix a recto (a style that sets no break inherits its level's
// 'odd': gotcha style-inherits-break), stays out of the chapter count (numbered: false, so
// its band has no numeral) and brings its own running heads; the glossary and the index
// set their pages in two columns until the next '#'. The appendix counts, in letters: its
// template prints the level's counter as A, B… config() takes both lists below.
const twoColumns = { layoutType: 'double', gutterWidth: mm(6) };
const backMatter = (id, extra) => ({ id, numbered: false, breakBefore: { enabled: true,
  parity: 'any' }, advancedDesign: opener('Back matter'), header: sectionHeads, ...extra });
const headingStyles = () => [
  backMatter('appendix', { numbered: true, numberingTemplate: '{1:A}', header: appendixHeads,
    breakBefore: { enabled: true, parity: 'odd' }, advancedDesign: opener('Appendix') }),
  backMatter('glossary', { layout: twoColumns }),
  backMatter('references'),
  backMatter('index', { layout: twoColumns }),
];
// One paragraph per entry, in :::paragraphs{style="…"}: the turnover lines hang, so the
// first word of every entry stands clear at the left. Ragged, as APA asks of references,
// with every word whole (hyphenation.ragged is off). The index has its own settings.
const entries = (id, size, lead, hang, extra) => ({ id, fontSize: pt(size),
  lineHeight: pt(lead), textAlign: 'left', hangingIndent: em(hang), ...extra });
const paragraphStyles = () => [
  entries('term', 9.3, 12.4, 1), // the glossary: a bold term, then its definition
  entries('reference', 9.3, 12.4, 1.5, { spaceBetween: pt(2.4) }),
];
```

## Ingredienti

**Insegna**

- [Geometria della sezione](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-dei-titoli): Uno stile di titolo che cambia margini e disposizione delle colonne per la sua sezione, come una prefazione a una colonna in un libro a due colonne.
- [Bibliografie e glossari](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-di-paragrafo): Elenchi di riferimenti e glossari in corpo minore con rientro sospeso, un paragrafo per voce.
- [Capitoli non numerati](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-dei-titoli): Il titolo di una prefazione, di un’appendice o di un colophon che non prende numero e lascia intatto il conteggio dei capitoli.

**Usa anche**

- [Indice analitico](https://postext.dev/it/docs/document-format.md#indice-analitico)
- [Testatine per sezione](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-dei-titoli)
- [Stili di titolo](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-dei-titoli)
- [Titoli numerati](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#sovrascritture-per-livello)
- [Capitoli che si aprono su un recto](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#interruzione-prima-del-titolo)
- [Fascia di capitolo a tutta larghezza](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#estensione-e-progetto-grafico-avanzato)
- [Aperture progettate](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#estensione-e-progetto-grafico-avanzato)
- [Attributi dei titoli](https://postext.dev/it/docs/document-format.md#attributi-dei-titoli)
- [Testatine secondo il ruolo della pagina](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#elementi-di-testo)
- [Stili di paragrafo](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-di-paragrafo)
- [Tipi di risorsa personalizzati](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-resources.md#tipi-di-risorsa)
- [Citazioni che collocano le figure](https://postext.dev/it/docs/document-format.md#rimando-in-linea-la-forma-principale)
- [Tabelle dai dati](https://postext.dev/it/docs/document-format.md#inserimento-di-blocco-facoltativo-collocazione-in-linea-esplicita)
- [Stile delle didascalie](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-resources.md#stile-delle-didascalie)
- [Tavolozza di colori semantica](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-fonts-colors-viewers.md#tavolozza-dei-colori)
- [Grassetto, corsivo e i loro colori](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#testo-corrente)
- [Esportazione in PDF](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#generare-pdf)
- [Riquadri](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-dei-riquadri)
- [Bilanciamento delle colonne](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#bilanciamento-delle-colonne)
- [Figura e Tabella nella tua lingua](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-resources.md#tipi-di-risorsa)
- [Uscire dalla griglia di proposito](https://postext.dev/it/docs/architecture.md#elementi-che-rompono-la-griglia)
- [Font incorporati nel PDF](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#perché-un-provider-di-font)

**La configurazione in breve**

- [`bodyText`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#testo-corrente), [`calloutStyles`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-dei-riquadri), [`captionStyle`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-resources.md#stile-delle-didascalie), [`colorPalette`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-fonts-colors-viewers.md#tavolozza-dei-colori), [`footer`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#intestazioni-e-piè-di-pagina), [`header`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#intestazioni-e-piè-di-pagina), [`headingStyles`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-dei-titoli), [`headings`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#titoli), [`index`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-notes-references.md#indice-analitico), [`layout`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#impaginazione), [`locale`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#sillabazione), [`orderedLists`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#elenchi-numerati), [`page`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-page-layout.md#pagina), [`paragraphStyles`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-di-paragrafo), [`resourceTypes`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-resources.md#tipi-di-risorsa), [`tableStyle`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-resources.md#stile-delle-tabelle), [`unorderedLists`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-text.md#elenchi-puntati)

**API**

- [`buildDocumentWithFonts`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#caricare-i-font-prima-dellimpaginazione), [`decompressWoff2`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#provider-di-font-per-il-browser-fontsource--woff2), [`defaultResourceTypes`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-resources.md#tipi-di-risorsa), [`renderPageToCanvas`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#rendere-una-pagina-come-bitmap), [`renderToPdf`](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-programmatic-usage.md#generare-pdf)

**Caratteri**

- Libertinus Serif (OFL-1.1), Libertinus Serif Display (OFL-1.1), Libertinus Sans (OFL-1.1)

## Preparazione

### 1 · Dai a ogni parte degli apparati finali uno stile di titolo

Il codice è nella [risposta breve](https://postext.dev/it/cookbook/thesis-back-matter.md#la-risposta-breve) qui sopra. `# Glossary {style="glossary" note="…"}` apre una sezione che arriva fino al titolo di livello 1 successivo, e le sue pagine prendono l’impaginazione, le testatine e l’apertura dello stile ([stili dei titoli](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-dei-titoli)), così il glossario e l’indice passano a due colonne mentre la bibliografia, il cui stile non imposta un’impaginazione, torna all’unica colonna del documento. `numbered: false` tiene questi titoli fuori dal conteggio dei capitoli (toglilo e la fascia del glossario stampa 2), e ogni stile nomina la propria interruzione di pagina, perché uno che non ne nomina nessuna eredita il `'odd'` del capitolo e lascia versi bianchi. Le voci del glossario e della bibliografia sono paragrafi di un blocco `:::paragraphs{style="…"}` a 9,3 pt su 12,4 pt, contro gli 11 su 14,6 del testo, con righe successive che sporgono di 1 em nel glossario e di 1,5 em nella bibliografia ([stili di paragrafo](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-di-paragrafo)).

### 2 · Disegna una sola fascia per ogni apertura

```js
// script.js, righe 55–79
const SINK = 8; // lines reserved, 41.2 mm: 3.2 mm more than the band, and text on the grid
// Design text sets each baseline 0.8 of its line under the line's top, and a line is 1.2 × the
// size unless lineHeight says otherwise. In mm, a line's part above its baseline and below it:
const PT = 25.4 / 72;
const above = (size, lineHeight = 1.2) => 0.8 * size * lineHeight * PT;
const below = (size, lineHeight = 1.2) => 0.2 * size * lineHeight * PT;
const KICKER = 4.3, TITLE = BAND - TOP - 9.5; // mm under the text block's top: two baselines
// A bottom-aligned box that ends below() under a baseline sets its last line on it. The
// numeral's line is 0.72 of its size, so the line fits inside its box.
const text = (id, content, family, size, lineHeight, baseline, edge, w, extra) => ({
  kind: 'text', id, content, fontFamily: family, fontSize: pt(size), lineHeight,
  color: col('paper'), overflow: 'wrap', align: edge.endsWith('right') ? 'right' : 'left',
  verticalAlign: 'bottom', ...extra, placement: { anchor: { to: 'container', edge },
    size: { width: mm(w), height: mm(baseline + below(size, lineHeight)) } } });
// The mark is '{number}': the chapter's 6, the appendix's A, nothing on an unnumbered heading.
const opener = (label) => ({ enabled: true, minHeight: pt(SINK * LEAD),
  slot: { elements: [
    { kind: 'box', id: 'band', style: { backgroundColor: col('band') }, placement: {
      anchor: { to: 'page', edge: 'top-left' }, size: { width: 'fill', height: mm(BAND) } } },
    text('label', label, LABEL, 8, 1.2, KICKER, 'top-left', 80,
      { fontWeight: 700, letterSpacing: pt(1.6), textTransform: 'uppercase' }),
    text('title', '{titleText}', DISPLAY, 34, 1.04, TITLE, 'top-left', 84),
    text('mark', '{number}', DISPLAY, 118, 0.72, TITLE, 'top-right', 34),
    text('note', '{attr.note}', TEXT, 8.6, 1.3, TITLE, 'top-right', 44, { italic: true }),
  ] } });
```

Il segno è `{number}`: 6 sul capitolo, A sull’appendice e niente su un titolo non numerato. Un solo design serve tutti e tre, e le sezioni degli apparati finali stampano il loro `{attr.note}` dove starebbe il numero. `minHeight` riserva otto righe da 14,6 pt, 41,2 mm dalla testa della gabbia, che superano la fascia di 3,2 mm e tengono il testo sulla sua griglia. Il testo di design mette la sua linea di base a 0,8 della riga, quindi un riquadro allineato in basso il cui piede sta `below()` sotto una linea di base mette la sua ultima riga su quella linea di base. Il titolo, il numero da 118 pt e l’ultima riga della nota poggiano tutti sulla linea di base del titolo, 52,5 mm sotto il taglio. La riga del numero è 0,72 del suo corpo, così la riga sta dentro il suo riquadro.

### 3 · Indica l’appendice con una lettera dal suo stile

```js
// script.js, righe 109–115
// The style's '{1:A}' (see answer) prints the level's counter as a letter, and startAt=1 on the
// first appendix restarts it after chapter 6. The band and the running head read that letter.
// A resource template's {h1} is a number unless it names a style: '{h1:A}.{n}' counts the
// tables A.1, A.2… and B.1 in a second appendix, with one type for all of them.
const appendixHeads = heads('Appendix {chapterNumber}. {chapterTitle}');
const appendixTables = { ...defaultResourceTypes(LANG).find((type) => type.id === 'table'),
  id: 'table-a', numberingTemplate: '{h1:A}.{n}', resetOn: 'h1' }; // a copy of 'table'
```

Lo stile dell’appendice imposta `numberingTemplate: '{1:A}'`, che stampa il contatore del livello come lettera, e `# Interview guide {style="appendix" startAt=1}` fa ripartire quel contatore, così la prima appendice è A e non G ([stili dei titoli](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-styles.md#stili-dei-titoli)). La fascia legge la lettera tramite `{number}` e la testatina tramite `{chapterNumber}`. Il `{h1}` di un tipo di risorsa stampa il contatore come numero, a meno che non nomini uno stile, quindi le tabelle dell’appendice prendono un tipo il cui modello è `'{h1:A}.{n}'`: A.1, A.2 e così via, e B.1 in una seconda appendice; con il tipo predefinito la tabella sarebbe la tabella 1.1. I titoli interni del capitolo contano dai modelli dei livelli: `'{1}.{2}'` stampa 6.1, e `continuation.headings.h1: 5` fa di questo il sesto capitolo.

### 4 · Metti le testatine sul margine esterno

```js
// script.js, righe 83–105
const HEAD = 17.5, GAP = 9; // mm: the heads' baseline under the trim; the folio to the words
// Each text is placed by its top, above() over HEAD: the folio and the capitals share a baseline.
const head = (id, content, parity, edge, x, size = 7.5, extra) => ({ kind: 'text', id, content,
  parity, pages: 'body', fontFamily: LABEL, fontSize: pt(size), fontWeight: 700,
  letterSpacing: pt(1.3), textTransform: 'uppercase', color: col('ink'), ...extra, placement: {
    anchor: { to: 'page', edge }, offset: { x: mm(x), y: mm(HEAD - above(size)) } } });
const folio = { fontFamily: TEXT, fontWeight: 400, letterSpacing: pt(0) };
const heads = (recto) => ({ elements: [
  head('verso-folio', '{pageNumber}', 'even', 'top-left', OUTER, 9.5, folio),
  head('verso', '{title}', 'even', 'top-left', OUTER + GAP),
  head('recto', recto, 'odd', 'top-right', -(OUTER + GAP)),
  head('recto-folio', '{pageNumber}', 'odd', 'top-right', -OUTER, 9.5, folio),
  // The header's container spans the text block, so one rule serves both pages.
  { kind: 'rule', id: 'hairline', pages: 'body', direction: 'horizontal', thickness: pt(0.5),
    color: col('rule'), placement: { anchor: { to: 'container', edge: 'top-left' },
      offset: { y: mm(HEAD + 2) }, size: { width: 'fill' } } },
] });
const chapterHeads = heads('Chapter {chapterNumber}. {chapterTitle}');
const sectionHeads = heads('{chapterTitle}'); // 'Glossary', 'References', 'Index'
// Openers drop the folio to the foot, centred under the text block, its baseline 12 mm below.
const footer = { elements: [{ kind: 'text', id: 'drop-folio', content: '{pageNumber}',
  pages: 'opener', ...folio, fontSize: pt(9.5), color: col('ink'), align: 'center',
  placement: { anchor: { to: 'container', edge: 'top' }, offset: { y: mm(12 - above(9.5)) } } }] };
```

I quattro elementi di testo sono ancorati alla pagina e filtrati per `parity`, che tiene il folio sul margine esterno di entrambe le pagine; ognuno è collocato dalla sua sommità, `above()` sopra una linea di base 17,5 mm sotto il taglio, così il folio da 9,5 pt e le maiuscole da 7,5 pt stanno su una stessa riga. Il verso porta il titolo della tesi (`{title}`, dal frontmatter) e il recto quello della sezione (`{chapterTitle}`), come INDEX a [pagina 177](https://postext.dev/cookbook/thesis-back-matter/en/p07.webp?v=6b02529f). `pages: 'body'` le tiene lontane dalle aperture, il cui unico folio è quello del piè di pagina, centrato sotto la gabbia. Il recto del capitolo direbbe *Chapter 6. Conclusion* e quello dell’appendice *Appendix A. Interview guide*, ma in questo esempio solo l’indice prosegue su un recto.

### 5 · Segna i termini dove il testo ne parla

```js
// script.js, righe 119–125
// Glossary definitions carry 'main' (bold numbers); runs of pages join as 171–72 (Chicago).
// The heads stand on the entries' 11.6 pt pitch, 7.5 pt of space above them: 19 pt from the
// last entry of a letter to the next letter's baseline, 11.6 pt from a letter to its first entry.
const index = { fontFamily: TEXT, fontSize: pt(9), lineHeight: pt(11.6), color: col('ink'),
  indent: em(1), turnoverIndent: em(2), rangeFormat: 'chicago',
  groups: { fontFamily: DISPLAY, fontSize: pt(13), fontWeight: 400, color: col('ink'),
    marginTop: pt(7.5) } };
```

`:index[tablet]` stampa la sua parola e la archivia sotto la stessa parola; `Rayner:index{term="Rayner, Keith"}` non stampa nulla e archivia la pagina di *Rayner* sotto il nome completo; `term="interviews!timing of"` crea una sottovoce. I termini del glossario portano `main`, quindi la loro pagina è in grassetto, come dice la nota nella fascia dell’indice. `:::index` sotto `# Index {style="index"}` stampa le voci nelle due colonne dello stile, e `buildDocument` impagina di nuovo il documento finché i numeri di pagina non smettono di spostarsi. Le voci sono a 9 su 11,6 pt, con le righe successive sporgenti di 2 em e le sottovoci rientrate di 1 em; le lettere sono a 13 pt nel carattere da titolazione. I segni non funzionano nelle celle delle tabelle, quindi le righe della tabella 6.1 non aggiungono pagine: *look-backs* elenca il paragrafo che ne riferisce, non la tabella.

### 6 · Tieni ogni valore predefinito nel colore dell’inchiostro

```js
// script.js, righe 15–19
const palette = { ink: '#000000', band: '#000000', rule: '#000000', paper: '#ffffff' };
const col = (id) => ({ hex: palette[id], model: 'hex', paletteId: id });
// Bold, italic and list markers default to 'main-color': pointed at the ink, they print black.
const colorPalette = Object.entries({ ...palette, 'main-color': palette.ink })
  .map(([id, hex]) => ({ id, name: id, value: { hex, model: 'hex' } }));
```

I valori predefiniti del motore per grassetto, corsivo, marcatori di elenco e rimandi seguono la voce di palette `main-color`, quindi farla puntare all’inchiostro li stampa in nero invece che in blu ([palette dei colori](https://postext.dev/it/docs/configuration-fonts-colors-viewers.md#tavolozza-dei-colori)). `referenceBold: false` compone *Table 6.1* in tondo, come le citazioni autore-anno che la circondano.

> Un elenco delle tabelle resta manuale. In una tesi intera impaginata capitolo per capitolo con `buildBundle`, il capitolo che contiene `:::index` riceve i segni di tutti i capitoli.

## La ricetta completa

Un unico file, composto a partire dalla cartella della ricetta con il testo di esempio e il kit comune del Ricettario già inclusi; costruisce la propria pagina. Per eseguirlo, mettilo in uno `<script type="module">` di una pagina vuota, oppure incollalo nel pannello JS di un nuovo pen di CodePen (come modulo). Importa postext da esm.sh: non c’è niente da installare né da compilare.

- Cartella della ricetta: https://github.com/drnachio/postext/tree/main/cookbook/thesis-back-matter

### script.js

```js
// ═══ Postext Cookbook · Nº 031 · Thesis back matter: appendix, glossary and index ═══
// https://postext.dev/en/cookbook/thesis-back-matter
// Code: MIT · Text: original (CC BY 4.0) · Pictures: none
// Fonts: Libertinus Serif, Serif Display and Sans (SIL OFL 1.1) · Needs postext ≥ 1.28.0
import {
  buildDocumentWithFonts, renderPageToCanvas, defaultResourceTypes,
} from 'https://esm.sh/postext';
import { renderToPdf, decompressWoff2 } from 'https://esm.sh/postext-pdf';

const LANG = 'en'; // @lang: the language of the sample document ('en')
const RECIPE = 'thesis-back-matter';

// ─── 1 · Design ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// #region palette: one ink; every colour is black or white, each under its own name
const palette = { ink: '#000000', band: '#000000', rule: '#000000', paper: '#ffffff' };
const col = (id) => ({ hex: palette[id], model: 'hex', paletteId: id });
// Bold, italic and list markers default to 'main-color': pointed at the ink, they print black.
const colorPalette = Object.entries({ ...palette, 'main-color': palette.ink })
  .map(([id, hex]) => ({ id, name: id, value: { hex, model: 'hex' } }));
// #endregion
const TEXT = 'Libertinus Serif', DISPLAY = 'Libertinus Serif Display', LABEL = 'Libertinus Sans';
const TOP = 24, INNER = 25, OUTER = 31; // mm: a 120 mm measure, about 70 characters at 11 pt
const LEAD = 14.6; // pt: the body's leading, the grid every page is set on
const BAND = 62; // mm from the trim's top: the black band at the head of every opener

// #region answer: back matter as unnumbered heading styles, entries in hanging indents
// '# Glossary {style="glossary"}' in the Markdown picks a style. Each style starts a page
// of either parity, the appendix a recto (a style that sets no break inherits its level's
// 'odd': gotcha style-inherits-break), stays out of the chapter count (numbered: false, so
// its band has no numeral) and brings its own running heads; the glossary and the index
// set their pages in two columns until the next '#'. The appendix counts, in letters: its
// template prints the level's counter as A, B… config() takes both lists below.
const twoColumns = { layoutType: 'double', gutterWidth: mm(6) };
const backMatter = (id, extra) => ({ id, numbered: false, breakBefore: { enabled: true,
  parity: 'any' }, advancedDesign: opener('Back matter'), header: sectionHeads, ...extra });
const headingStyles = () => [
  backMatter('appendix', { numbered: true, numberingTemplate: '{1:A}', header: appendixHeads,
    breakBefore: { enabled: true, parity: 'odd' }, advancedDesign: opener('Appendix') }),
  backMatter('glossary', { layout: twoColumns }),
  backMatter('references'),
  backMatter('index', { layout: twoColumns }),
];
// One paragraph per entry, in :::paragraphs{style="…"}: the turnover lines hang, so the
// first word of every entry stands clear at the left. Ragged, as APA asks of references,
// with every word whole (hyphenation.ragged is off). The index has its own settings.
const entries = (id, size, lead, hang, extra) => ({ id, fontSize: pt(size),
  lineHeight: pt(lead), textAlign: 'left', hangingIndent: em(hang), ...extra });
const paragraphStyles = () => [
  entries('term', 9.3, 12.4, 1), // the glossary: a bold term, then its definition
  entries('reference', 9.3, 12.4, 1.5, { spaceBetween: pt(2.4) }),
];
// #endregion

// #region opener: a black band across the head of the page, the title reversed out of it
const SINK = 8; // lines reserved, 41.2 mm: 3.2 mm more than the band, and text on the grid
// Design text sets each baseline 0.8 of its line under the line's top, and a line is 1.2 × the
// size unless lineHeight says otherwise. In mm, a line's part above its baseline and below it:
const PT = 25.4 / 72;
const above = (size, lineHeight = 1.2) => 0.8 * size * lineHeight * PT;
const below = (size, lineHeight = 1.2) => 0.2 * size * lineHeight * PT;
const KICKER = 4.3, TITLE = BAND - TOP - 9.5; // mm under the text block's top: two baselines
// A bottom-aligned box that ends below() under a baseline sets its last line on it. The
// numeral's line is 0.72 of its size, so the line fits inside its box.
const text = (id, content, family, size, lineHeight, baseline, edge, w, extra) => ({
  kind: 'text', id, content, fontFamily: family, fontSize: pt(size), lineHeight,
  color: col('paper'), overflow: 'wrap', align: edge.endsWith('right') ? 'right' : 'left',
  verticalAlign: 'bottom', ...extra, placement: { anchor: { to: 'container', edge },
    size: { width: mm(w), height: mm(baseline + below(size, lineHeight)) } } });
// The mark is '{number}': the chapter's 6, the appendix's A, nothing on an unnumbered heading.
const opener = (label) => ({ enabled: true, minHeight: pt(SINK * LEAD),
  slot: { elements: [
    { kind: 'box', id: 'band', style: { backgroundColor: col('band') }, placement: {
      anchor: { to: 'page', edge: 'top-left' }, size: { width: 'fill', height: mm(BAND) } } },
    text('label', label, LABEL, 8, 1.2, KICKER, 'top-left', 80,
      { fontWeight: 700, letterSpacing: pt(1.6), textTransform: 'uppercase' }),
    text('title', '{titleText}', DISPLAY, 34, 1.04, TITLE, 'top-left', 84),
    text('mark', '{number}', DISPLAY, 118, 0.72, TITLE, 'top-right', 34),
    text('note', '{attr.note}', TEXT, 8.6, 1.3, TITLE, 'top-right', 44, { italic: true }),
  ] } });
// #endregion

// #region running-heads: the thesis on the verso, the section on the recto, a hairline under
const HEAD = 17.5, GAP = 9; // mm: the heads' baseline under the trim; the folio to the words
// Each text is placed by its top, above() over HEAD: the folio and the capitals share a baseline.
const head = (id, content, parity, edge, x, size = 7.5, extra) => ({ kind: 'text', id, content,
  parity, pages: 'body', fontFamily: LABEL, fontSize: pt(size), fontWeight: 700,
  letterSpacing: pt(1.3), textTransform: 'uppercase', color: col('ink'), ...extra, placement: {
    anchor: { to: 'page', edge }, offset: { x: mm(x), y: mm(HEAD - above(size)) } } });
const folio = { fontFamily: TEXT, fontWeight: 400, letterSpacing: pt(0) };
const heads = (recto) => ({ elements: [
  head('verso-folio', '{pageNumber}', 'even', 'top-left', OUTER, 9.5, folio),
  head('verso', '{title}', 'even', 'top-left', OUTER + GAP),
  head('recto', recto, 'odd', 'top-right', -(OUTER + GAP)),
  head('recto-folio', '{pageNumber}', 'odd', 'top-right', -OUTER, 9.5, folio),
  // The header's container spans the text block, so one rule serves both pages.
  { kind: 'rule', id: 'hairline', pages: 'body', direction: 'horizontal', thickness: pt(0.5),
    color: col('rule'), placement: { anchor: { to: 'container', edge: 'top-left' },
      offset: { y: mm(HEAD + 2) }, size: { width: 'fill' } } },
] });
const chapterHeads = heads('Chapter {chapterNumber}. {chapterTitle}');
const sectionHeads = heads('{chapterTitle}'); // 'Glossary', 'References', 'Index'
// Openers drop the folio to the foot, centred under the text block, its baseline 12 mm below.
const footer = { elements: [{ kind: 'text', id: 'drop-folio', content: '{pageNumber}',
  pages: 'opener', ...folio, fontSize: pt(9.5), color: col('ink'), align: 'center',
  placement: { anchor: { to: 'container', edge: 'top' }, offset: { y: mm(12 - above(9.5)) } } }] };
// #endregion

// #region appendix: lettered by its style, '# Interview guide {style="appendix" startAt=1}'
// The style's '{1:A}' (see answer) prints the level's counter as a letter, and startAt=1 on the
// first appendix restarts it after chapter 6. The band and the running head read that letter.
// A resource template's {h1} is a number unless it names a style: '{h1:A}.{n}' counts the
// tables A.1, A.2… and B.1 in a second appendix, with one type for all of them.
const appendixHeads = heads('Appendix {chapterNumber}. {chapterTitle}');
const appendixTables = { ...defaultResourceTypes(LANG).find((type) => type.id === 'table'),
  id: 'table-a', numberingTemplate: '{h1:A}.{n}', resetOn: 'h1' }; // a copy of 'table'
// #endregion

// #region index: the pages of the :index marks, sorted under letters in the display face
// Glossary definitions carry 'main' (bold numbers); runs of pages join as 171–72 (Chicago).
// The heads stand on the entries' 11.6 pt pitch, 7.5 pt of space above them: 19 pt from the
// last entry of a letter to the next letter's baseline, 11.6 pt from a letter to its first entry.
const index = { fontFamily: TEXT, fontSize: pt(9), lineHeight: pt(11.6), color: col('ink'),
  indent: em(1), turnoverIndent: em(2), rangeFormat: 'chicago',
  groups: { fontFamily: DISPLAY, fontSize: pt(13), fontWeight: 400, color: col('ink'),
    marginTop: pt(7.5) } };
// #endregion

const config = () => ({
  locale: 'en-us', // the thesis is written in English
  colorPalette, header: chapterHeads, footer, layout: { layoutType: 'single' },
  page: { sizePreset: 'custom', width: mm(176), height: mm(250), dpi: 150, // B5
    margins: { top: mm(TOP), bottom: mm(24), left: mm(INNER), right: mm(OUTER), mirror: true } },
  bodyText: { fontFamily: TEXT, fontSize: pt(11), lineHeight: pt(LEAD), color: col('ink'),
    referenceBold: false, // 'Table 6.1' in roman, like the citations around it
    firstLineIndent: mm(4.5), indentAfterHeading: false, minWordSpacing: 0.8, maxWordSpacing: 1.8 },
  // Exact heading margins (snapToGrid: false), no lines added above them; the chapter's heads
  // measure whole grid lines.
  headings: { fontFamily: DISPLAY, fontWeight: 400, color: col('ink'), snapToGrid: false,
    balancing: { maxLinesPerHeading: 0 }, levels: [
      // Chapters open on a recto. span: 'page' (the styles inherit it) sets the band and the
      // title across both columns of the glossary and the index.
      { level: 1, numberingTemplate: '{1}', span: 'page', marginBottom: pt(0),
        advancedDesign: opener('Chapter'), breakBefore: { enabled: true, parity: 'odd' } },
      { level: 2, numberingTemplate: '{1}.{2}', fontSize: pt(14), lineHeight: pt(LEAD),
        marginTop: pt(LEAD * 1.5), marginBottom: pt(LEAD / 2) }, // three lines in all
    ] },
  headingStyles: headingStyles(), paragraphStyles: paragraphStyles(), index,
  orderedLists: { marginTop: pt(LEAD / 2), marginBottom: pt(LEAD / 2) },
  unorderedLists: { bulletChar: '–' },
  resourceTypes: [...defaultResourceTypes(LANG), appendixTables], // tables 6.1… and A.1…
  // Captions in the text face, as APA sets a table's number and title.
  captionStyle: { fontSize: pt(9), position: 'above', gap: pt(4), note: { fontSize: pt(8) } },
  // Rules only and a bold header on white: an APA table has no fills and no vertical rules.
  tableStyle: { rules: 'horizontal', borderColor: col('rule'), borderWidth: pt(0.5),
    headerBackgroundEnabled: false, headerFontSize: pt(9.5),
    bodyFontSize: pt(9.5), cellPadding: mm(1) },
  calloutStyles: [{ id: 'colophon', span: 'page', marginTop: pt(LEAD), backgroundEnabled: false,
    stripe: { enabled: true, side: 'top', width: pt(0.5), color: col('rule') },
    padding: { top: mm(2.5), right: mm(0), bottom: mm(0), left: mm(0) },
    body: { fontSize: pt(8), lineHeight: pt(10.5), firstLineIndent: pt(0), textAlign: 'left' } }],
});

// ─── 2 · Content ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
const markdown = String.raw`---
title: "Reading on Screens and Paper"
subtitle: "A Mixed-Methods Study of Comprehension, Confidence and Navigation"
author: "Ines Varley"
---

# Conclusion

This thesis set out to test whether it matters if a long text:index{term="texts, length of"} is read on paper or on a screen. Chapters 3 to 5 reported a within-subjects:index{term="within-subjects design"} experiment with forty-eight :index[undergraduates] and :index[interviews] with sixteen of them, combined in the :index[convergent design] described by Creswell:index{term="Creswell, John W."} and Plano Clark:index{term="Plano Clark, Vicki L."} (2018). This chapter brings the two strands together and sets out what they mean for :index[teaching] and for the :index[design of reading software].

## What the study found

:ref{id="findings" style="full"} summarises the results.:index{term="comprehension"} On :index[literal]{term="comprehension!literal"} questions, answerable from a single sentence, the medium made no difference. On :index[inferential]{term="comprehension!inferential"} questions, which required connecting ideas across paragraphs, paper readers scored higher. The difference points the same way as the :index[meta-analyses] of Delgado:index{term="Delgado, Pablo"} et al. (2018) and Clinton:index{term="Clinton, Virginia"} (2019), which found the :index[paper advantage] in :index[expository]{term="expository text"} rather than :index[narrative]{term="narrative text"} texts.

Calibration:index{term="calibration"} showed the larger difference. Screen readers:index{term="calibration!on screen"} predicted:index{term="confidence!judgements of"} higher scores than paper readers and obtained lower ones, so the gap between :index[confidence] and :index[accuracy]:index{term="calibration!bias in"} was nearly three times as wide. The result repeats the :index[overconfidence] that Ackerman:index{term="Ackerman, Rakefet"} and Goldsmith:index{term="Goldsmith, Morris"} (2011) found in students who read on screen and set their own study time.:index{term="self-regulated study"} Such readers stop once they judge a text understood, so overconfidence cuts their study short.

Paper readers also turned back:index{term="look-backs"} almost twice as often as screen readers scrolled back:index{term="scrolling"}, most often just before an inferential question.:index{term="comprehension!inferential"} In the interviews:index{term="interviews"}, eleven of the sixteen :index[participants] remembered:index{term="memory"} where on a page:index{term="spatial memory"} an idea had been (“top left, next to the diagram”), and three gave up looking for a passage on the :index[tablet] because “it could have been anywhere”. Liu:index{term="Liu, Ziming"} (2005) described a drift towards :index[browsing] and :index[keyword spotting] on screen; these readers went through the whole text but had fewer :index[landmarks] to return to.

## Implications for teaching and design

For short texts and factual questions, screens serve as well as paper.:index{term="teaching"} For long expository:index{term="expository text"} texts that students must understand:index{term="comprehension"} rather than search, paper remains the safer choice.:index{term="paper advantage"} Where it is not available, students should test their understanding instead of trusting their sense of it: in the :index[pilot sessions], a short :index[self-test] after reading halved the overconfidence:index{term="overconfidence"} on screen.:index{term="calibration!on screen"}

Readers also used the fixed position of text on a page as a map,:index{term="landmarks"} one of the uses of paper that Sellen:index{term="Sellen, Abigail J."} and Harper:index{term="Harper, Richard H. R."} (2002) observed in offices.:index{term="offices, paper in"} Reading applications:index{term="design of reading software"} that keep a stable page and show the reader’s place in the whole text may restore some of that map.

## Limitations and further work

The participants:index{term="participants"} were students at one university:index{term="university, single"} who read English fluently,:index{term="limitations"} and the medium matters more for some readers, texts and tasks than it does for others (Singer:index{term="Singer, Lauren M."} & Alexander:index{term="Alexander, Patricia A."}, 2017). The texts were expository and about 1,800 words long,:index{term="texts, length of"} and the screen condition used a single tablet.:index{term="tablet"} A :index[replication] with a larger sample, several devices and the eye-movement:index{term="eye movements"} recording reviewed by Rayner:index{term="Rayner, Keith"} (1998) would show where on the page the two media part company.

Huey:index{term="Huey, Edmund Burke"} (1908) thought that a complete analysis of what we do when we read would be almost the acme of a psychologist’s achievements. The experiments reported here add a small part to that analysis; the replication proposed above could measure how far readers rely on the position of a passage on the page when they look back.

# Interview guide {style="appendix" startAt=1}

The interviews:index{term="interviews"} took place within a week of each participant’s:index{term="participants"} second session. They were audio-recorded,:index{term="interviews!recording of"} transcribed:index{term="transcription"} in full and analysed thematically:index{term="thematic analysis"} following Braun:index{term="Braun, Virginia"} and Clarke:index{term="Clarke, Victoria"} (2006); :ref{id="session-plan" style="full"} gives their timing:index{term="interviews!timing of"}: a free recall:index{term="recall"} of the two study texts, the questions below and a short debriefing.:index{term="debriefing"} The questions were asked in this order,:index{term="interviews!questions asked"} and a prompt:index{term="interviews!prompts in"} only when the participant had not already covered its point.

1. Tell me about the last long text:index{term="texts, length of"} you read for a course.:index{term="courses, reading for"}
   - Where did you read it, and on paper or on a screen?
2. Which of the texts in this study do you remember:index{term="memory"} best, and why?
3. When you wanted to check an earlier passage, what did you do?:index{term="look-backs"}
   - How did you know where to look?
4. How sure were you of your answers?:index{term="confidence"} What made you more or less sure?
5. Did reading on the tablet:index{term="tablet"} feel different from reading on paper?
6. Some students say they read more carefully on paper. Do you?
7. What would the ideal way to read a long text for study be like?:index{term="design of reading software"}

# Glossary {style="glossary" note="Words in italics are defined under entries of their own."}

:::paragraphs{style="term"}
**calibration**:index{term="calibration" main} The agreement between a reader’s confidence in having understood a text and the accuracy of that understanding, measured here as the difference between predicted and actual scores.

**comprehension, inferential**:index{term="comprehension!inferential" main} Understanding that requires the reader to connect information from different parts of a text or to add knowledge the text does not state.

**comprehension, literal**:index{term="comprehension!literal" main} Understanding of what a single sentence or passage states directly.

**confidence judgement**:index{term="confidence!judgements of" main} A reader’s estimate, made after reading and before seeing the questions, of how many answers will be correct.

**convergent design**:index{term="convergent design" main} A mixed-methods design in which quantitative and qualitative data are collected in the same period, analysed separately and then compared.

**expository text**:index{term="expository text" main} A text written to explain or inform, such as a textbook chapter or a report, as opposed to a narrative text.

**fixation**:index{term="fixation" main} A pause of the eyes, typically about a quarter of a second, during which the reader takes in text; fixations alternate with *saccades*.

**look-back**:index{term="look-backs" main} Any return to an earlier part of a text during reading: turning back a page, scrolling up or following a link to a previous section.

**metacomprehension**:index{term="metacomprehension" main} A reader’s knowledge and monitoring of their own understanding of a text; *calibration* is one of its measures.

**navigation**:index{term="navigation" main} The movements a reader makes through a text as a whole, as distinct from the movements of the eyes along a line.

**overconfidence**:index{term="overconfidence" main} Positive *calibration* bias: predicting a higher score than the one actually obtained.

**saccade**:index{term="saccade" main} A rapid movement of the eyes from one *fixation* to the next, during which little or no text is taken in.

**screen inferiority effect**:index{term="screen inferiority effect" main} The finding that comprehension of the same text is lower on screen than on paper, most consistently for *expository texts* read under time pressure.

**self-regulated study**:index{term="self-regulated study" main} Reading in which the reader, not the experimenter, decides how long to spend on a text.

**spatial memory for text**:index{term="spatial memory" main} Memory of where on a page or in a document a piece of information appeared, used as a cue for *look-backs*.

**thematic analysis**:index{term="thematic analysis" main} A method for identifying, analysing and reporting patterns of meaning across qualitative data such as interview transcripts.

**within-subjects design**:index{term="within-subjects design" main} An experimental design in which every participant takes part in every condition, here reading on both paper and screen.
:::

# References {style="references" note="Every work cited in the thesis, set in APA style (7th edition)."}

:::paragraphs{style="reference"}
Ackerman, R., & Goldsmith, M. (2011). Metacognitive regulation of text learning: On screen versus on paper. *Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 17*(1), 18–32.

Baron, N. S. (2015). *Words onscreen: The fate of reading in a digital world.* Oxford University Press.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. *Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3*(2), 77–101.

Clinton, V. (2019). Reading from paper compared to screens: A systematic review and meta-analysis. *Journal of Research in Reading, 42*(2), 288–325.

Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). *Designing and conducting mixed methods research* (3rd ed.). SAGE.

Delgado, P., Vargas, C., Ackerman, R., & Salmerón, L. (2018). Don’t throw away your printed books: A meta-analysis on the effects of reading media on reading comprehension. *Educational Research Review, 25*, 23–38.

Dillon, A. (1992). Reading from paper versus screens: A critical review of the empirical literature. *Ergonomics, 35*(10), 1297–1326.

Huey, E. B. (1908). *The psychology and pedagogy of reading.* Macmillan.

Liu, Z. (2005). Reading behavior in the digital environment: Changes in reading behavior over the past ten years. *Journal of Documentation, 61*(6), 700–712.

Mangen, A., Walgermo, B. R., & Brønnick, K. (2013). Reading linear texts on paper versus computer screen: Effects on reading comprehension. *International Journal of Educational Research, 58*, 61–68.

Noyes, J. M., & Garland, K. J. (2008). Computer- vs. paper-based tasks: Are they equivalent? *Ergonomics, 51*(9), 1352–1375.

Paterson, D. G., & Tinker, M. A. (1940). *How to make type readable.* Harper & Brothers.

Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. *Psychological Bulletin, 124*(3), 372–422.

Sellen, A. J., & Harper, R. H. R. (2002). *The myth of the paperless office.* MIT Press.

Singer, L. M., & Alexander, P. A. (2017). Reading on paper and digitally: What the past decades of empirical research reveal. *Review of Educational Research, 87*(6), 1007–1041.

Tinker, M. A. (1963). *Legibility of print.* Iowa State University Press.

Wolf, M. (2018). *Reader, come home: The reading brain in a digital world.* Harper.
:::

# Index {style="index" note="Bold numbers refer to the definitions in the glossary."}

:::index

:::callout{type="colophon"}
Set in Libertinus Serif, Libertinus Serif Display and Libertinus Sans (SIL Open Font License). Text: original, CC BY 4.0. The thesis, its author, its participants and its results are fictional; the works in the references are real.
:::
`; // content.<lang>.md, inlined by the Cookbook

// A table from rows of 'cell|cell|cell'; aligns has a letter a column, l or r.
const table = (id, typeId, caption, note, widths, aligns, rows) => ({ id, typeId, kind: 'table',
  caption, note, createdAt: 0, updatedAt: 0, table: { model: { headerRowCount: 1,
    columnWidths: widths, rows: rows.map((row, r) => row.split('|').map((content, c) => ({
      content, isHeader: r === 0, align: aligns[c] === 'r' ? 'right' : 'left' }))) } } });
const resources = [
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    'Means for 48 participants. Bias is the predicted minus the actual score.', [5, 1.4, 1.4],
    'lrr', ['Measure|Paper|Screen', 'Literal comprehension (of 10)|7.8|7.7',
      'Inferential comprehension (of 10)|6.4|5.6', 'Predicted score (%)|75|78',
      'Actual score (%)|71|66.5', 'Calibration bias (points)|+4.0|+11.5',
      'Look-backs per text|5.8|3.1']),
  table('session-plan', 'table-a', 'Timing of an interview session', undefined, [1, 6, 1.4],
    'llr', ['Part|Content|Minutes', '1|Welcome, consent and a check of the recorder|3',
      '2|Free recall of the two study texts|5',
      '3|Questions 1–4: reading habits, look-backs and confidence|12',
      '4|Questions 5–7: the two media and an ideal design|12', '5|Debrief|3']),
];

// ─── 3 · Fonts ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
const FONTS = { 'Libertinus Serif': ['400', '400i', '700'], 'Libertinus Serif Display': ['400'],
  'Libertinus Sans': ['700'] }; // every face the pages use, loaded first

// ─── 4 · Build & show ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// The thesis's sixth and last chapter opens on page 171, a recto.
const continuation = { pageIndexOffset: 170, pageNumbering: { startAt: 171 }, headings: { h1: 5 } };
// The index is laid out again until its page numbers settle, inside this one call.
const doc = await buildDocumentWithFonts({ markdown, resources, continuation }, config(),
  kitFonts(FONTS));
showPages(doc, { title: 'Reading on Screens and Paper: the back matter' });
offerPdf(() => renderToPdf(doc, { fontProvider: fontsourceProvider }), `${RECIPE}.pdf`);

// ─── Kit ── helpers shared by every Cookbook recipe · postext.dev/cookbook ─────

// ─── Kit · core v1 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook
function mm(value) { return { value, unit: 'mm' }; }
function pt(value) { return { value, unit: 'pt' }; }
function em(value) { return { value, unit: 'em' }; }
/** The sample language's string: t({ en: 'Figure', es: 'Figura' }). */
function t(strings) { return strings[LANG] ?? Object.values(strings)[0]; }
/** A file in this recipe's assets folder, served from the Postext repo by jsDelivr. */
function asset(file) { return `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/drnachio/postext@main/cookbook/${RECIPE}/assets/${file}`; }

// ─── Kit · fonts v3 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook
// Postext loads the faces a config asks for before layout (prepareFonts,
// buildDocumentWithFonts) and asks the kit for the files: Fontsource's, the
// files the PDF embeds too.

/** The options of buildDocumentWithFonts / prepareFonts / withLoadedFonts:
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function kitFonts(FONTS = {}) {
  const faces = Object.entries(FONTS).flatMap(([family, specs]) => specs.map((spec) =>
    ({ family, weight: parseInt(spec, 10), style: spec.endsWith('i') ? 'italic' : 'normal' })));
  return { resolve: fontsourceResolver, faces };
}

/** A face's Fontsource files, in a fixed order: latin, then latin-ext and greek
 *  when `text` needs them and the family ships them (kitSubsetsFor), each with
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async function fontsourceResolver(family, weight, style, { text = '' } = {}) {
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  if (meta && !(meta.weights.includes(weight) && meta.styles.includes(style))) return null;
  kitStatus('Loading fonts…');
  const at = await fontsourceAt(id);
  return ['latin', ...kitSubsetsFor(text, meta)].map((subset) => ({
    source: `${at}files/${id}-${subset}-${weight}-${style}.woff2`,
    unicodeRange: kitRanges()[subset],
  }));
}

/** The unicode-range of each Fontsource file the kit loads (a function: the
 *  kit is inlined after the pen's code, which runs before a const would be set). */
function kitRanges() {
  return {
    latin: 'U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,'
      + 'U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD',
    'latin-ext': 'U+0100-02BA,U+02BD-02C5,U+02C7-02CC,U+02CE-02D7,U+02DD-02FF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,'
      + 'U+1D00-1DBF,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20C0,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF',
    greek: 'U+0370-03FF',
  };
}

/** For the cjk, arabic and comics blocks, which add their own files: the
 *  faces of `faces` = { 'Family Name': ['400', '400i', '700'] }. `text` is the sample:
 *  č ł † α χ also load latin-ext and greek files (kitSubsetsFor). With
 *  `optional`, a face Fontsource does not ship is skipped instead of failing.
 *  The files are added once all have loaded, in the order asked (latin, then
 *  latin-ext, then greek), whatever order they arrive in: the last one added
 *  wins a character two files hold. Resolves to the number of faces added. */
async function loadFonts(faces, text = '', { optional = false } = {}) {
  kitStatus('Loading fonts…');
  const ranges = kitRanges();
  const jobs = [];
  for (const [family, specs] of Object.entries(faces)) {
    const id = fontsourceId(family);
    const todo = [...new Set(specs)].map((spec) => [parseInt(spec, 10), spec.endsWith('i') ? 'italic' : 'normal'])
      .filter(([weight, style]) => !hasFace(family, weight, style)); // before any await
    const at = fontsourceAt(id);
    const meta = optional || /[^\0-ÿ]/u.test(text) ? await fontsourceMeta(family) : null;
    const subsets = ['latin', ...kitSubsetsFor(text, meta)];
    for (const [weight, style] of todo) {
      if (optional && !(meta?.weights.includes(weight) && meta.styles.includes(style))) continue;
      for (const subset of subsets) {
        const url = `${await at}files/${id}-${subset}-${weight}-${style}.woff2`;
        const face = new FontFace(family, `url(${url}) format('woff2')`,
          { weight: String(weight), style, unicodeRange: ranges[subset] });
        jobs.push(face.load().catch(() => {
          if (subset === 'latin' && !optional) throw new Error(`Fontsource has no ${family} ${weight} ${style}`);
        }));
      }
    }
  }
  const ready = await Promise.all(jobs).catch((error) => { kitFail(error); throw error; });
  return ready.filter((face) => face && document.fonts.add(face)).length;
}

/** A loaded FontFace covers this family, weight and style (fonts.check() would
 *  also say yes for families nobody declared). */
function hasFace(family, weight, style) {
  for (const face of document.fonts) {
    if (face.status !== 'loaded' || face.style !== style) continue;
    if (face.family.replace(/^["']|["']$/g, '') !== family) continue;
    const [low, high = low] = face.weight.split(' ').map(Number);
    if (weight >= low && weight <= high) return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/** The files beyond latin `text` needs that `meta`'s family ships. */
function kitSubsetsFor(text, meta) {
  return [[/[Ā-˿ᴀ-ᶿḀ-ỿ†ℓⱠ-Ɀ꜠-ꟿ]/u, 'latin-ext'], [/[Ͱ-Ͽ]/u, 'greek']]
    .filter(([re, x]) => re.test(text) && meta?.subsets?.includes(x)).map(([, x]) => x);
}

/** Fontsource's id for a family: 'Source Serif 4' → 'source-serif-4'. */
function fontsourceId(family) { return family.toLowerCase().replace(/\s+/g, '-'); }

/** A package's folder at the one version @5 names now (#766). */
function fontsourceAt(id, u = `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fontsource/${id}@`) {
  return (fontsourceAt.c ??= {})[id] ??= fetch(u + '5/package.json').then((r) => r.json())
    .then((p) => p.version || 5, () => 5).then((v) => `${u}${v}/`);
}

/** The family's Fontsource metadata (weights, styles, subsets), or null. */
function fontsourceMeta(family) {
  fontsourceMeta.cache ??= new Map();
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  if (!fontsourceMeta.cache.has(id)) {
    fontsourceMeta.cache.set(id, fetch(`https://api.fontsource.org/v1/fonts/${id}`)
      .then((res) => (res.ok ? res.json() : null), () => null));
  }
  return fontsourceMeta.cache.get(id);
}

// ─── Kit · viewer v2 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook
/** The pages as spreads on a dark desk, page 1 alone, then verso | recto,
 *  each painted when it scrolls near. Other options go to renderPageToCanvas. */
function showPages(docs, { title, width = 460, ...render } = {}) {
  const root = viewer(title);
  const pages = [docs].flat().flatMap((doc) =>
    doc.pages.map((page) => ({ doc, page, n: (doc.pageIndexOffset ?? 0) + page.index })));
  const spreads = [];
  let verso = null;
  for (const p of pages) {
    if (p.n % 2 === 1) { if (verso) spreads.push([verso, null]); verso = p; }
    else { spreads.push([verso, p]); verso = null; }
  }
  if (verso) spreads.push([verso, null]);
  const density = Math.min(window.devicePixelRatio || 1, 2);
  showPages.painter?.disconnect();
  const painter = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => {
    for (const { isIntersecting, target } of entries) {
      if (!isIntersecting) continue;
      painter.unobserve(target);
      const { doc, page } = target.postext;
      renderPageToCanvas(page, doc, target, { ...render, scale: (width * density) / page.width });
    }
  }, { rootMargin: '800px' });
  showPages.painter = painter;
  root.replaceChildren(...spreads.map((pair) => {
    const spread = document.createElement('div');
    spread.className = 'pt-spread';
    for (const p of pair) {
      const figure = document.createElement('figure');
      if (p) {
        const label = p.page.pageLabel || String(p.n + 1);
        const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
        canvas.postext = p;
        canvas.style.aspectRatio = `${p.page.width} / ${p.page.height}`;
        canvas.setAttribute('role', 'img');
        canvas.setAttribute('aria-label', `Page ${label}`);
        const folio = document.createElement('figcaption');
        folio.textContent = label;
        figure.append(canvas, folio);
        painter.observe(canvas);
      } else figure.className = 'pt-blank';
      spread.append(figure);
    }
    return spread;
  }));
  kitStatus(`${pages.length} ${pages.length === 1 ? 'page' : 'pages'}`);
  document.documentElement.dataset.postext = 'ready';
  return pages.length;
}

/** The desk, the bar and the error reporting, created once. */
function viewer(title) {
  if (!document.getElementById('pt-kit')) {
    document.head.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', `<style id="pt-kit">
      :root { color-scheme: dark; }
      body { margin: 0; background: #0e1014; color: #b9bcc4; font: 13px/1.45 system-ui, sans-serif; }
      #pt-bar { position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 1; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center;
        gap: 6px 16px; padding: 10px 16px; background: rgb(14 16 20 / .92); backdrop-filter: blur(6px);
        border-bottom: 1px solid #23262d; }
      #pt-bar strong { color: #f4f1ea; font-weight: 600; }
      #pt-actions { display: flex; gap: 12px; margin-left: auto; }
      #pt-actions a, #pt-actions button { color: #d8a21a; font: inherit; background: none; border: 0; padding: 0; cursor: pointer; }
      #pages { display: grid; justify-items: center; gap: 48px; padding: 32px 16px 72px; }
      .pt-spread { display: flex; }
      .pt-spread figure { margin: 0; width: min(460px, 44vw); }
      .pt-spread canvas { display: block; width: 100%; background: #fff;
        box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / .5), 0 22px 44px -16px rgb(0 0 0 / .8); }
      .pt-spread figure:first-child canvas { box-shadow: inset -14px 0 14px -14px rgb(0 0 0 / .18), 0 1px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / .5), 0 22px 44px -16px rgb(0 0 0 / .8); }
      .pt-spread figcaption { margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; font: 600 10px/1 system-ui, sans-serif;
        letter-spacing: .18em; text-transform: uppercase; color: #6c7079; }
      .pt-blank { visibility: hidden; }
      @media (max-width: 760px) {
        .pt-spread { flex-direction: column; gap: 32px; }
        .pt-spread figure { width: min(460px, 92vw); }
        .pt-blank { display: none; }
      }
    </style>`);
    document.body.insertAdjacentHTML('afterbegin',
      '<header id="pt-bar"><strong id="pt-title"></strong><span id="pt-status" role="status"></span><span id="pt-actions"></span></header>');
    document.getElementById('pt-title').textContent = document.title || 'Postext';
    addEventListener('error', (event) => kitFail(event.error ?? event.message));
    addEventListener('unhandledrejection', (event) => kitFail(event.reason));
  }
  if (title) document.getElementById('pt-title').textContent = title;
  return document.getElementById('pages')
    ?? document.body.appendChild(Object.assign(document.createElement('main'), { id: 'pages' }));
}

function kitStatus(text) {
  viewer();
  document.getElementById('pt-status').textContent = text;
}

function kitFail(error) {
  document.documentElement.dataset.postext = 'error';
  kitStatus(`Error: ${error?.message ?? error}`);
}

// ─── Kit · pdf v3 ── the same in every recipe that exports a PDF
/** The Fontsource files the screen used, as TrueType, with their range and
 *  place: the nearest weight the family ships, upright with no italic;
 *  latin, then what its letters need (kitSubsetsFor). */
async function fontsourceProvider(family, weight, style, request) {
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  const meta = await fontsourceMeta(family);
  const weights = meta?.weights?.length ? meta.weights : [400, 700];
  const w = weights.reduce((a, b) => (Math.abs(b - weight) < Math.abs(a - weight) ? b : a));
  const s = style === 'italic' && meta && !meta.styles.includes('italic') ? 'normal' : style;
  const text = String.fromCodePoint(...(request?.codePoints ?? []));
  const files = await Promise.all(['latin', ...kitSubsetsFor(text, meta)].map(async (subset, order) => {
    const res = await fetch(`${await fontsourceAt(id)}files/${id}-${subset}-${w}-${s}.woff2`);
    if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`Fontsource has no ${family} ${w} ${s} ${subset}`);
    return Object.assign(await decompressWoff2(new Uint8Array(await res.arrayBuffer())),
      { unicodeRange: kitRanges()[subset], order });
  }));
  return files.length === 1 ? files[0] : files;
}

/** A "Build the PDF" button; then "Open the PDF" (a new tab: CodePen's frame
 *  shows no PDFs) and a download link. */
function offerPdf(makePdf, filename) {
  viewer();
  const button = Object.assign(document.createElement('button'), { type: 'button', textContent: 'Build the PDF' });
  button.dataset.postextPdf = filename;
  button.addEventListener('click', async () => {
    button.disabled = true;
    button.textContent = 'Building the PDF…';
    try {
      const bytes = await makePdf();
      const url = URL.createObjectURL(new Blob([bytes], { type: 'application/pdf' }));
      const size = `${Math.max(1, Math.round(bytes.length / 1024))} KB`;
      button.replaceWith(
        Object.assign(document.createElement('a'), { href: url, target: '_blank', rel: 'noopener', textContent: 'Open the PDF ↗' }),
        Object.assign(document.createElement('a'), { href: url, download: filename, textContent: `Download ${filename} · ${size}` }));
    } catch (error) {
      button.disabled = false;
      button.textContent = 'Build the PDF';
      kitFail(error);
    }
  });
  document.getElementById('pt-actions').append(button);
}

// ─── /Kit ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
```

## Varianti

### Comincia ogni sezione su un recto

Le tesi da rilegare per una biblioteca aprono spesso ogni sezione su una pagina di destra. Il glossario, la bibliografia e l’indice passano allora alle pagine 175, 177 e 179, ciascuno dopo un verso bianco, e i numeri in grassetto dell’indice rimandano a pagina 175.

```diff
-const backMatter = (id, extra) => ({ id, numbered: false, breakBefore: { enabled: true,
-  parity: 'any' }, advancedDesign: opener('Back matter'), header: sectionHeads, ...extra });
+const backMatter = (id, extra) => ({ id, numbered: false, breakBefore: { enabled: true,
+  parity: 'odd' }, advancedDesign: opener('Back matter'), header: sectionHeads, ...extra });
```

### Componi anche l’inizio della tesi

Le pagine preliminari, numerate in cifre romane prima di pagina 1, sono in [Pagine preliminari con folii romani, poi pagina 1](https://postext.dev/it/cookbook/front-matter-roman-to-arabic.md).

## Errori frequenti

- **Uno stile di titolo eredita l’interruzione di pagina del suo livello.** Una voce di headingStyles prende dal suo livello di titolo ogni campo che omette, breakBefore compreso. Un indice o un colophon con lo stile di un H1 dopo un :::pagebreak eredita parity 'odd' e finisce dietro una pagina bianca. Dai a uno stile del genere breakBefore: { enabled: false }.
- **La pagina 1 è un recto: pianifica le pagine con i numeri fisici.** La pagina 1 è una pagina destra e la pagina 2 il primo verso, quindi pianifica le doppie pagine con i numeri di pagina fisici: un’apertura su una pagina pari sta di fronte alla pagina dispari che la segue.

## Crediti

- Ricetta: Ignacio Ferro ([@drnachio](https://github.com/drnachio))
- Caratteri: Libertinus Serif (OFL-1.1), Libertinus Serif Display (OFL-1.1), Libertinus Sans (OFL-1.1)
- Codice: MIT · Contenuto di esempio: CC-BY-4.0

## Ricette correlate

- [Nº 006 · Pagine preliminari in numeri romani, poi pagina 1](https://postext.dev/it/cookbook/front-matter-roman-to-arabic.md): Copertina e preliminari sono titoli non numerati contati in romano minuscolo; :::numbering riparte da 1 sul recto dove si apre il romanzo. · Livello 3 (Avanzato) · Narrativa, teatro e prosa letteraria
- [Nº 020 · Note di chiusura su una pagina propria, in due colonne](https://postext.dev/it/cookbook/endnotes-instead-of-footnotes.md): Un breve preprocessore numera le note [^1] e le raccoglie sotto un titolo Notes, il cui stile le compone su una pagina propria in due colonne. · Livello 2 (Intermedio) · Articoli scientifici e testi accademici
- [Nº 002 · Articolo su due colonne con equazioni numerate](https://postext.dev/it/cookbook/journal-article-with-maths.md): Un articolo di fisica su due colonne le cui formule in linea e le sette equazioni numerate sono composte da MathJax e restano vettoriali nel PDF. · Livello 3 (Avanzato) · Articoli scientifici e testi accademici