# シカゴ式の注を付けた歴史論文

> 4ページの歴史論文。[@key, 87]の引用がページの地にシカゴ式の注として組まれます。初出は完全な形、以降は短縮形で、末尾に参考文献が付きます。

- HTML版: https://postext.dev/ja/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes
- レシピ No. 089 · 本の構成 · 難易度 2 (中級) · 出力: Canvas, PDF
- ジャンル: 論文・学術書
- 必要なもの postext ≥ 1.12.0, postext-pdf ≥ 1.12.0 · テスト環境 1.12.0, postext-pdf 1.12.0 ／テスト日 2026-10-01
- ページ: [1](https://postext.dev/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes/en/p01.webp?v=588de022), [2](https://postext.dev/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes/en/p02.webp?v=588de022), [3](https://postext.dev/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes/en/p03.webp?v=588de022), [4](https://postext.dev/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes/en/p04.webp?v=588de022)
- PDF: https://postext.dev/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes/en/history-essay-chicago-notes.pdf?v=588de022
- Sandboxで開く: https://postext.dev/ja/sandbox#recipe=history-essay-chicago-notes&lang=en (.postext: https://postext.dev/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes/en/history-essay-chicago-notes.postext)
- 最終更新: 2026-10-01
- 他の言語: [en](https://postext.dev/en/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes.md), [es](https://postext.dev/es/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes.md), [ca](https://postext.dev/ca/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes.md), [zh](https://postext.dev/zh/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes.md), [ar](https://postext.dev/ar/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes.md)

## かんたんな説明

イギリスの町がロンドンの時刻に合わせるようになった経緯を扱う論文です。著者が引いた出典はそれぞれページの下の番号付きの注になり、文献の一覧は最後に付きます。

## できあがり

ある学術誌の技術史シリーズの抜き刷りです。1840年から1880年の間に、イギリスの町がそれぞれの正午を捨ててロンドンの正午に合わせた経緯を、約1,100語の論文で扱います。ページは156 × 234 mmの見開き対称で、Crimson Proの11/14 ptで組み、1ページ目の上半分に鉄道車両の緑の帯を敷きます。著者は出典をすべて`[@howse1980, 87]`のようなキーで書き、Postextはそれぞれを、シカゴ式の注と参考文献のスタイルで、ページの地に番号付きの注として組みます。ある文献の最初の注は著者、タイトル、出版社を示し、それ以降の注は短縮形になります。著者自身の説明的な注も同じ通し番号を使い、論文の最後を参考文献が締めくくります。

**このレシピが答える問い:**

- 引用をシカゴ式の脚注にし、2回目以降を短縮形にするにはどうしますか？
- APA、IEEEなどの引用スタイルで、文献を引用し参考文献を作るには？

## 手短な答え

```js
// script.js, 行 32–49
// The text cites with [@howse1980, 87]; a note style turns every citation into a
// footnote. The first note for a work gives it in full, later ones in the short form
// (author, short title, page), and the bibliography lists the works by author.
registerCitationEngine(createCiteprocEngine({ styles: STYLES, locales: LOCALES }));
const citations = {
  style: 'chicago-notes-bibliography', // CMOS 18th edition, notes and bibliography
  notes: 'footnote', // each citation in a note at the foot of the page
  link: true, // a note's citation jumps to its bibliography entry
  bibliography: { fontSize: em(0.92), lineHeight: pt(13), hangingIndent: em(1.8),
    entrySpacing: pt(3) },
};
// The citation notes share the numbering and the look of the author's own [^notes].
const footnotes = {
  placement: 'column', numbering: 'chapter',
  fontSize: pt(8.5), lineHeight: pt(10.75), spaceBetween: pt(2),
  textAlign: 'left', // ragged: the gap after a note's number stays the same in every note
  separator: { width: 0.3, lineWidth: pt(0.5), color: col('rule') },
};
```

## 材料

**学べること**

- [注による引用](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/document-format.md#引用と参考文献): 注のスタイル（Chicagoの注方式、OSCOLA、GB/T 7714の注）は、各引用を脚注として組み、2回目以降の引用は短縮形にします。中国語の行の中に2行の注として組むこともできます。
- [引用スタイルによる引用](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/document-format.md#引用と参考文献): 引用は[@key, p. 33]のように書き、設定で選んだCSLスタイル（APA、Chicago、MLA、IEEE、Vancouver、ISO 690、GB/T 7714…）で整形され、文献一覧の項目にリンクされます。

**ほかに使うもの**

- [参考文献から作る文献一覧](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/document-format.md#引用と参考文献)
- [脚注](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/document-format.md#脚注)
- [デザインした章扉](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#幅と詳細デザイン)
- [見出しの属性](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/document-format.md#見出しの属性)
- [柱とノンブル](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#柱とノンブル)
- [見開きの余白](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#見開きの余白)
- [段落スタイル](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#段落スタイル)
- [セマンティックカラーパレット](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#カラーパレット)
- [PDFの書き出し](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#pdfの生成)
- [相互参照](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/document-format.md#相互参照とアンカー)
- [用紙の色](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#ページ)
- [ページの役割ごとの柱](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#テキスト要素)
- [PDFに埋め込むフォント](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#なぜフォントプロバイダーが必要か)

**設定の一覧**

- [`bodyText`](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#本文), [`citations`](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#引用), [`colorPalette`](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#カラーパレット), [`footer`](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#柱とノンブル), `footnotes`, [`header`](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#柱とノンブル), [`headings`](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#見出し), [`layout`](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#レイアウト), [`locale`](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#ハイフネーション), [`page`](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#ページ), [`paragraphStyles`](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#段落スタイル)

**API**

- [`LOCALES`](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/document-format.md#引用と参考文献), [`STYLES`](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/document-format.md#引用と参考文献), [`buildDocument`](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#文書のビルド), [`clearMeasurementCache`](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#計測キャッシュ), [`createCiteprocEngine`](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/document-format.md#引用と参考文献), [`decompressWoff2`](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#ブラウザー向けフォントプロバイダーfontsource--woff2), [`registerCitationEngine`](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/document-format.md#引用と参考文献), [`renderPageToCanvas`](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#ページをビットマップに描画する), [`renderToPdf`](https://postext.dev/ja/docs/configuration.md#pdfの生成)

**書体**

- Crimson Pro (OFL-1.1), IBM Plex Sans Condensed (OFL-1.1)

## 作り方

### 1 · 引用ごとに注を1つ

コードは上の[手短な答え](#手短な答え)にあります。`chicago-notes-bibliography`は注のスタイルなので、本文中の引用は上付きの番号を残し、その文言は著者自身の`[^notes]`と同じ通し番号の脚注へ移ります。`notes: 'footnote'`はそれを明示的に指定します。citeproc-jsはすでに引いた文献を記録しているので、注3は「Derek Howse, Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude (Oxford University Press, 1980), 87」となり、同じ本を再び引く注4は「Howse, Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude, 90–91」となります。同梱のスタイルは『シカゴ・マニュアル』第18版で、「Ibid.」をやめて短縮形を繰り返すので、注11と注12は短縮形を2回印刷します。

### 2 · 著者の書く注も引用する

`[^note]`の中の引用はその注にとどまり、行内に組まれます。その文献の初出なら完全な形になります。注1は、著者の一文の後にSchivelbuschの完全な書誌が続いています。引用はどれもスタイルのピリオドで終わるので、引用で終わる注には、Markdownで自分のピリオドを付ける必要はありません。

### 3 · 前置き、後置き、所在表示

`[see @simmons1991, 346–47; and @bartky2000, chap. 9]`は、最初の文献の前に「see」を置き、2つの文献をセミコロンで区切り、それぞれの所在表示を残します。数字だけならページです。`chap.`と`cap.`は、どちらの言語でも章を示します。所在表示の後のテキストは後置きです。`[@howse1980, 82–84, on the mail-coach timepieces]`は、ページの後にその語句を印刷します。

### 4 · 章扉を帯の中に置く

```js
// script.js, 行 53–74
const BAND = 122; // mm from the trim's top
const opener = {
  enabled: true,
  minHeight: mm(BAND - MARGIN.top + 9), // the text starts 9 mm under the band
  slot: { elements: [
    { kind: 'box', id: 'band', style: { backgroundColor: col('green') },
      placement: { ...at('page', 'top-left'), size: { width: 'fill', height: mm(BAND) } } },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'kicker', content: '{attr.kicker}', fontFamily: LABEL, fontWeight: 600,
      fontSize: pt(7.5), letterSpacing: pt(1.4), textTransform: 'uppercase', color: col('tint'),
      align: 'left', placement: at('container', 'top-left', 0, 4) },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'years', content: '{attr.years}', fontFamily: TEXT, fontWeight: 300,
      fontSize: pt(54), lineHeight: 1, color: col('tint'), align: 'left',
      placement: at('container', 'top-left', -1, 16) },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'title', content: '{titleText}', fontFamily: TEXT, fontWeight: 600,
      fontSize: pt(25), lineHeight: 1.08, color: col('paper'), align: 'left', overflow: 'wrap',
      placement: { ...at('container', 'top-left', 0, 47),
        size: { width: mm(112), height: 'auto' } } },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'byline', content: '{attr.byline}', fontFamily: LABEL, fontWeight: 600,
      fontSize: pt(9), letterSpacing: pt(0.6), color: col('tint'), align: 'left',
      placement: at('container', 'top-left', 0, 92) },
  ] },
};
```

帯は仕上がり線から122 mm下まで伸び、本文はその9 mm下から始まります。年代は見出しの属性`years="1840–1880"`から取り、Crimson Pro Lightの54 ptで組むので、カードにはタイトルと同じくらい大きな数字が見えます。署名の属性は偶数ページの柱にも使われます。

```js
// script.js, 行 16–23
const palette = {
  ink: '#211d1a', green: '#24493d', tint: '#dfe8e2', rule: '#b7b0a4', muted: '#6a645b',
  paper: '#fbf9f4',
};
// A design element paints the hex written beside its paletteId (gotcha: palette-skips-designs).
const col = (id) => ({ hex: palette[id], model: 'hex', paletteId: id });
const colorPalette = Object.entries({ ...palette, 'main-color': palette.green })
  .map(([id, hex]) => ({ id, name: id, value: { hex, model: 'hex' } }));
```

## レシピの全体

レシピのフォルダーから合成した1つのファイルで、サンプルのテキストとレシピ集の共通キットを埋め込んであり、自分でページを組み立てます。動かすには、空のページの`<script type="module">`に入れるか、新しいCodePenのpenのJSパネルに貼り付けます（モジュールとして）。esm.shからpostextを読み込むので、インストールもビルドも要りません。

- レシピのフォルダー: https://github.com/drnachio/postext/tree/main/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes

### script.js

```js
// ═══ Postext Cookbook · Nº 089 · A history essay with Chicago notes ═══════════════
// https://postext.dev/en/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes
// Code: MIT · Text: original (CC BY 4.0) · Pictures: none
// Fonts: Crimson Pro, IBM Plex Sans Condensed (SIL OFL 1.1) · Needs postext ≥ 1.12.0
import {
  buildDocument, renderPageToCanvas, clearMeasurementCache, registerCitationEngine,
} from 'https://esm.sh/postext';
import { renderToPdf, decompressWoff2 } from 'https://esm.sh/postext-pdf';
import { createCiteprocEngine, STYLES, LOCALES } from 'https://esm.sh/postext-citeproc';

const LANG = 'en'; // @lang: the language of the sample document ('en' | 'es')
const RECIPE = 'history-essay-chicago-notes';

// ─── 1 · Design ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// #region palette: a railway green for the opener band, ink and warm paper for the rest
const palette = {
  ink: '#211d1a', green: '#24493d', tint: '#dfe8e2', rule: '#b7b0a4', muted: '#6a645b',
  paper: '#fbf9f4',
};
// A design element paints the hex written beside its paletteId (gotcha: palette-skips-designs).
const col = (id) => ({ hex: palette[id], model: 'hex', paletteId: id });
const colorPalette = Object.entries({ ...palette, 'main-color': palette.green })
  .map(([id, hex]) => ({ id, name: id, value: { hex, model: 'hex' } }));
// #endregion
const TEXT = 'Crimson Pro', LABEL = 'IBM Plex Sans Condensed';
const TRIM = { width: 156, height: 234 }; // a journal offprint, trimmed like a trade book
const MARGIN = { top: 22, bottom: 22, inner: 20, outer: 17 };
const LEAD = 14; // pt
const at = (to, edge, x = 0, y = 0) => ({ anchor: { to, edge }, offset: { x: mm(x), y: mm(y) } });

// #region answer: Chicago notes and bibliography, one note per citation
// The text cites with [@howse1980, 87]; a note style turns every citation into a
// footnote. The first note for a work gives it in full, later ones in the short form
// (author, short title, page), and the bibliography lists the works by author.
registerCitationEngine(createCiteprocEngine({ styles: STYLES, locales: LOCALES }));
const citations = {
  style: 'chicago-notes-bibliography', // CMOS 18th edition, notes and bibliography
  notes: 'footnote', // each citation in a note at the foot of the page
  link: true, // a note's citation jumps to its bibliography entry
  bibliography: { fontSize: em(0.92), lineHeight: pt(13), hangingIndent: em(1.8),
    entrySpacing: pt(3) },
};
// The citation notes share the numbering and the look of the author's own [^notes].
const footnotes = {
  placement: 'column', numbering: 'chapter',
  fontSize: pt(8.5), lineHeight: pt(10.75), spaceBetween: pt(2),
  textAlign: 'left', // ragged: the gap after a note's number stays the same in every note
  separator: { width: 0.3, lineWidth: pt(0.5), color: col('rule') },
};
// #endregion

// #region opener: the green band holds the kicker, the dates and the title
const BAND = 122; // mm from the trim's top
const opener = {
  enabled: true,
  minHeight: mm(BAND - MARGIN.top + 9), // the text starts 9 mm under the band
  slot: { elements: [
    { kind: 'box', id: 'band', style: { backgroundColor: col('green') },
      placement: { ...at('page', 'top-left'), size: { width: 'fill', height: mm(BAND) } } },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'kicker', content: '{attr.kicker}', fontFamily: LABEL, fontWeight: 600,
      fontSize: pt(7.5), letterSpacing: pt(1.4), textTransform: 'uppercase', color: col('tint'),
      align: 'left', placement: at('container', 'top-left', 0, 4) },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'years', content: '{attr.years}', fontFamily: TEXT, fontWeight: 300,
      fontSize: pt(54), lineHeight: 1, color: col('tint'), align: 'left',
      placement: at('container', 'top-left', -1, 16) },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'title', content: '{titleText}', fontFamily: TEXT, fontWeight: 600,
      fontSize: pt(25), lineHeight: 1.08, color: col('paper'), align: 'left', overflow: 'wrap',
      placement: { ...at('container', 'top-left', 0, 47),
        size: { width: mm(112), height: 'auto' } } },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'byline', content: '{attr.byline}', fontFamily: LABEL, fontWeight: 600,
      fontSize: pt(9), letterSpacing: pt(0.6), color: col('tint'), align: 'left',
      placement: at('container', 'top-left', 0, 92) },
  ] },
};
// #endregion

const head = (id, content, parity, edge, x, align) => ({
  kind: 'text', id, content, parity, pages: 'body', fontFamily: LABEL, fontWeight: 600,
  fontSize: pt(7.5), letterSpacing: pt(1.1), textTransform: 'uppercase', color: col('muted'),
  align, placement: at('page', edge, x, 12),
});

const config = () => ({ // a factory: the engine caches resolved configs per object
  locale: t({ en: 'en-us', es: 'es' }), // exact codes (gotcha: hyphenation-locales)
  colorPalette,
  citations,
  footnotes,
  page: {
    sizePreset: 'custom', width: mm(TRIM.width), height: mm(TRIM.height), dpi: 150,
    backgroundColor: col('paper'),
    margins: { top: mm(MARGIN.top), bottom: mm(MARGIN.bottom), left: mm(MARGIN.inner),
      right: mm(MARGIN.outer), mirror: true },
  },
  layout: { layoutType: 'single' },
  bodyText: {
    fontFamily: TEXT, fontSize: pt(11), lineHeight: pt(LEAD), color: col('ink'),
    boldColor: col('ink'), italicColor: col('ink'), referenceColor: col('ink'),
    textAlign: 'justify', firstLineIndent: mm(5), indentAfterHeading: false,
    hyphenation: { enabled: true }, optimalLineBreaking: true,
    avoidWidows: true, avoidOrphans: true, avoidRunts: true,
  },
  headings: {
    fontFamily: TEXT, fontWeight: 600, color: col('ink'),
    levels: [
      // Restated: any headings object drops the H1 break (gotcha: headings-drop-h1-break).
      { level: 1, fontSize: pt(25), breakBefore: { enabled: true, parity: 'any' },
        advancedDesign: opener },
      { level: 2, fontFamily: LABEL, fontWeight: 600, fontSize: pt(8.5), letterSpacing: pt(1.3),
        textTransform: 'uppercase', color: col('green'), lineHeight: pt(LEAD),
        marginTop: pt(LEAD), marginBottom: pt(LEAD / 2) },
    ],
  },
  paragraphStyles: [
    { id: 'colophon', fontFamily: LABEL, fontSize: pt(7), lineHeight: pt(9.5),
      color: col('muted'), textAlign: 'left', firstLineIndent: pt(0), marginTop: pt(LEAD) },
  ],
  header: { elements: [
    head('verso-folio', '{pageNumber}', 'even', 'top-left', MARGIN.outer, 'left'),
    head('verso-author', '{attr.byline}', 'even', 'top-left', MARGIN.outer + 8, 'left'),
    head('recto-title', '{title}', 'odd', 'top-right', -(MARGIN.outer + 8), 'right'),
    head('recto-folio', '{pageNumber}', 'odd', 'top-right', -MARGIN.outer, 'right'),
  ] },
  footer: { elements: [] },
});

// ─── 2 · Content ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
const markdown = String.raw`---
title: "Railway Time"
author: "Clara Whitcombe"
---

# Railway Time: How British Towns Came to Keep London's Hour {#essay kicker="Essays in the History of Technology · No. 14" years="1840–1880" byline="Clara Whitcombe"}

In the autumn of 1840 a traveller who left Paddington on the Great Western Railway carried two times with him. The timetable in his pocket gave the hours of London; the church clock at Bath or Bristol, when he arrived, gave the hours of the place, a few minutes behind. Bristol stood a little over two and a half degrees west of Greenwich, and its noon, the moment the sun crossed the local meridian, came about ten minutes after London's. For centuries the difference had not mattered. A stagecoach that took a day to cover the distance lost more than ten minutes to a lame horse. A train that covered it in four hours could not.[^frame]

This essay follows the forty years in which that difference was settled, from the Great Western's first timetables to the act of Parliament that made Greenwich time the legal time of Great Britain in 1880. The story has usually been told as a triumph of engineering over custom. It reads better as a negotiation, in which railway companies, telegraph companies, town councils and courts each settled the question for their own purposes, and not always in the same direction.

[^frame]: For the railway's effect on the sense of time and distance, see [@schivelbusch1986, chap. 3]

## The companies decide

The first railways ran their trains by the clocks of their own stations. On a line of a few miles this caused no trouble, and the early timetables did not say which time they meant. The difficulty came with the long trunk lines of the late 1830s, which joined towns whose clocks disagreed by a quarter of an hour.[@simmons1991, 345]

The Great Western printed London time in its timetables from November 1840 and asked its station clocks to keep it.[@howse1980, 87] In 1847 the Railway Clearing House, the body through which the companies settled their accounts for through traffic, recommended that every member adopt Greenwich time from the first of December. By the end of 1848 nearly all of them had.[@howse1980, 90–91]

The decision was commercial before it was scientific. A company that kept one time along its line needed one timetable and one set of instructions for its staff, and it could publish connections with other lines without a table of corrections. Greenwich was chosen because London was where the companies had their offices and the Post Office its mail coaches, not because the observatory stood there.[^post]

[^post]: The Post Office had sent its guards out with watches set to London time since the 1790s; see [@howse1980, 82–84, on the mail-coach timepieces]

## The wire carries the hour

A time that every station is meant to keep has to reach every station. At first it travelled by hand: a guard on the morning down train carried a watch set at Paddington, and the stationmasters along the line set their clocks from it.

The electric telegraph changed the means. From 1852 the Royal Observatory sent a signal each day along the wires of the Electric Telegraph Company, and the company passed it on to the railway stations and post offices on its network.[@standage1998, 59] A clock in Manchester or Edinburgh could now be checked against Greenwich within a second or two of the event. The signal made Greenwich time available everywhere the wires went; it did not oblige anyone to keep it.[@schivelbusch1986, 43–44]

## The towns hesitate

Most towns on a main line gave way within a few years, since a clock that disagreed with the station made people miss trains. Some held out. In 1852 the clock on the Corn Exchange at Bristol was given a second minute hand, one for Bristol and one for London, and it still has both.[@simmons1991, 346] At Exeter, which the railway reached in 1844, the cathedral clock went on keeping the time of the city for some years after the station clock had changed.[^exeter]

[^exeter]: On the British towns, and on the same quarrel in American towns thirty years later, see [@simmons1991, 346–47; and @bartky2000, chap. 9]

The holdouts were not cranks. Local mean time followed the sun, and the sun still ordered the working day of farmers, fishermen and anyone whose hours depended on daylight. An hour fixed in London was an imposition on them. The historian of factory discipline has argued that the clock had already become a means of controlling labour by the eighteenth century;[@thompson1967, 80–82] the dispute over railway time extended that argument to whole towns, which were asked to accept an hour set elsewhere.

## The courts decline

The law was slower than the towns. Statutes that named a time meant the time of the place, and that time was local mean time. In 1858 a trial at Dorchester began at ten by the court's clock, which kept London time, and judgment was given against a defendant who arrived at ten by the time of the town, some minutes later. On appeal the judges held that the hour meant was the local one, and the judgment was set aside.[@howse1980, 113] For twenty more years a contract, a polling station or a public house could be bound by one time while the trains ran by another.

The Statutes (Definition of Time) Act of 1880 closed the gap. It declared that any expression of time in an act of Parliament, deed or other legal instrument meant, unless stated otherwise, Greenwich mean time in Great Britain and Dublin mean time in Ireland.[@howse1980, 114]

## A settlement, not a conquest

Seen from 1840, railway time was one of several possible arrangements. The companies might have kept local times and printed tables of corrections, as some American railroads did until 1883,[@bartky2000, 140–45] and the international system of zones that followed the Washington conference of 1884 took half a century to reach most of the world.[@ogle2015, chap. 1] In Britain the distances were short, the companies were few enough to agree through a single clearing house, and the telegraph reached the stations as the trains did. Those conditions, more than any principle, account for the speed with which a country of local noons came to keep one hour.[@ogle2015, 25; see also @schivelbusch1986, chap. 3]

## Bibliography

:::bibliography{title=""}

:::paragraphs{style="colophon"}
A sample essay written for the Postext Cookbook (CC BY 4.0). The cited works are real; the page numbers in the notes are illustrative. Set in Crimson Pro and IBM Plex Sans Condensed (SIL OFL).
:::

:::references{format=csl-yaml}
- id: schivelbusch1986
  type: book
  author: [{family: Schivelbusch, given: Wolfgang}]
  title: "The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Century"
  publisher: University of California Press
  publisher-place: Berkeley
  issued: 1986
- id: thompson1967
  type: article-journal
  author: [{family: Thompson, given: E. P.}]
  title: "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism"
  container-title: Past & Present
  issue: 38
  page: 56-97
  issued: 1967
- id: howse1980
  type: book
  author: [{family: Howse, given: Derek}]
  title: Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude
  publisher: Oxford University Press
  publisher-place: Oxford
  issued: 1980
- id: simmons1991
  type: book
  author: [{family: Simmons, given: Jack}]
  title: The Victorian Railway
  publisher: Thames and Hudson
  publisher-place: London
  issued: 1991
- id: standage1998
  type: book
  author: [{family: Standage, given: Tom}]
  title: The Victorian Internet
  publisher: Walker
  publisher-place: New York
  issued: 1998
- id: bartky2000
  type: book
  author: [{family: Bartky, given: Ian R.}]
  title: "Selling the True Time: Nineteenth-Century Timekeeping in America"
  publisher: Stanford University Press
  publisher-place: Stanford, CA
  issued: 2000
- id: ogle2015
  type: book
  author: [{family: Ogle, given: Vanessa}]
  title: The Global Transformation of Time, 1870–1950
  publisher: Harvard University Press
  publisher-place: Cambridge, MA
  issued: 2015
:::
`;

// ─── 3 · Fonts ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Every face the design uses (gotcha: fonts-first).
const FONTS = {
  'Crimson Pro': ['300', '400', '400i', '600', '600i'],
  'IBM Plex Sans Condensed': ['400', '600'],
};

// ─── 4 · Build & show ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
await loadFonts(FONTS, markdown);
const doc = await buildWithFonts(() => buildDocument({ markdown }, config()), markdown);
const title = t({ en: 'A history essay with Chicago notes',
  es: 'Un ensayo de historia con notas de Chicago' });
showPages(doc, { title });
offerPdf(() => renderToPdf(doc, { fontProvider: fontsourceProvider }), `${RECIPE}.pdf`);

// ─── Kit ── helpers shared by every Cookbook recipe · postext.dev/cookbook ─────

// ─── Kit · core v1 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook ─────────
function mm(value) { return { value, unit: 'mm' }; }
function pt(value) { return { value, unit: 'pt' }; }
function em(value) { return { value, unit: 'em' }; }
/** The sample language's string: t({ en: 'Figure', es: 'Figura' }). */
function t(strings) { return strings[LANG] ?? Object.values(strings)[0]; }
/** A file in this recipe's assets folder, served from the Postext repo by jsDelivr. */
function asset(file) { return `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/drnachio/postext@main/cookbook/${RECIPE}/assets/${file}`; }

// ─── Kit · fonts v1 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook ────────
// Postext measures text with the faces the browser has loaded, and caches the
// widths, so every face must be ready before the first build. Faces come from
// Fontsource: the same static files the PDF embeds, so screen and PDF agree.

/** faces = { 'Family Name': ['400', '400i', '700'] }. `text` is the sample:
 *  letters beyond Latin-1 (č, ł, ő…) also load the latin-ext files. With
 *  `optional`, a face Fontsource does not ship is skipped instead of failing.
 *  Resolves to the number of faces added. */
async function loadFonts(faces, text = '', { optional = false } = {}) {
  kitStatus('Loading fonts…');
  const ranges = {
    latin: 'U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,'
      + 'U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD',
    'latin-ext': 'U+0100-02BA,U+02BD-02C5,U+02C7-02CC,U+02CE-02D7,U+02DD-02FF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,'
      + 'U+1D00-1DBF,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20C0,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF',
  };
  const subsets = /[Ā-˿Ḁ-ỿ]/.test(text) ? ['latin', 'latin-ext'] : ['latin'];
  const jobs = [];
  let added = 0;
  for (const [family, specs] of Object.entries(faces)) {
    const id = fontsourceId(family);
    const meta = optional ? await fontsourceMeta(family) : null;
    for (const spec of new Set(specs)) {
      const weight = parseInt(spec, 10);
      const style = spec.endsWith('i') ? 'italic' : 'normal';
      if (hasFace(family, weight, style)) continue;
      if (optional && !(meta?.weights.includes(weight) && meta.styles.includes(style))) continue;
      for (const subset of subsets) {
        const url = `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fontsource/${id}@5/files/${id}-${subset}-${weight}-${style}.woff2`;
        const face = new FontFace(family, `url(${url}) format('woff2')`,
          { weight: String(weight), style, unicodeRange: ranges[subset] });
        jobs.push(face.load().then((ready) => { document.fonts.add(ready); added++; }, () => {
          if (subset === 'latin' && !optional) throw new Error(`Fontsource has no ${family} ${weight} ${style}`);
        }));
      }
    }
  }
  await Promise.all(jobs).catch((error) => { kitFail(error); throw error; });
  return added;
}

/** Runs `build` (a buildDocument or buildBundle call) and checks the faces
 *  the pages use. A regular face missing from FONTS is loaded with a warning;
 *  bold and italic variants are loaded when the family ships them. Then the
 *  measurement caches are cleared and the build runs again. */
async function buildWithFonts(build, text = '') {
  const tried = new Set();
  for (let round = 0; round < 3; round++) {
    kitStatus('Laying out…');
    await new Promise(requestAnimationFrame);          // let the status paint first
    const result = await Promise.resolve().then(build).catch((error) => { kitFail(error); throw error; });
    const wanted = { base: {}, variants: {} };
    for (const { font, base } of [result].flat().flatMap(fontStringsOf)) {
      const { family, weight, style } = parseFont(font);
      const key = `${family}|${weight}|${style}`;
      if (tried.has(key) || hasFace(family, weight, style)) continue;
      tried.add(key);
      (wanted[base ? 'base' : 'variants'][family] ??= []).push(`${weight}${style === 'italic' ? 'i' : ''}`);
    }
    if (Object.keys(wanted.base).length) {
      console.warn(`[cookbook] FONTS does not list ${JSON.stringify(wanted.base)}: loading them.`);
    }
    const added = await loadFonts(wanted.base, text) + await loadFonts(wanted.variants, text, { optional: true });
    if (added === 0) return result;
    clearMeasurementCache();
  }
  throw new Error('The fonts did not settle after three builds.');
}

/** Every font string of the layout. `base` marks a block's own face; its
 *  bold, italic and bold-italic variants are listed whether or not used. */
function fontStringsOf(doc) {
  const found = new Map();
  const walk = (node) => {
    if (!node || typeof node !== 'object') return;
    if (Array.isArray(node)) { node.forEach(walk); return; }
    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(node)) {
      if (typeof value === 'string' && /fontString$/i.test(key)) {
        found.set(value, found.get(value) || key === 'fontString');
      } else if (value && typeof value === 'object') walk(value);
    }
  };
  walk(doc.pages);
  walk(doc.blocks);
  return [...found].map(([font, base]) => ({ font, base }));
}

/** '700 37.5px Open Sans' / 'italic 400 13px "Source Serif 4"' → { family, weight, style }.
 *  A string with no weight ('95.8px Young Serif', from a design text) is 400. */
function parseFont(font) {
  const m = /^(?:(italic|oblique)\s+)?(?:small-caps\s+)?(?:(\d+|bold|normal)\s+)?[\d.]+px\s+(.+)$/.exec(font.trim());
  if (!m) throw new Error(`Unexpected font string: ${font}`);
  const weight = m[2] === 'bold' ? 700 : !m[2] || m[2] === 'normal' ? 400 : Number(m[2]);
  return { family: m[3].replace(/^["']|["']$/g, ''), weight, style: m[1] ? 'italic' : 'normal' };
}

/** True when a loaded FontFace covers exactly this family, weight and style
 *  (document.fonts.check() is also true for families nobody declared). */
function hasFace(family, weight, style) {
  for (const face of document.fonts) {
    if (face.status !== 'loaded' || face.style !== style) continue;
    if (face.family.replace(/^["']|["']$/g, '') !== family) continue;
    const [low, high = low] = face.weight.split(' ').map(Number);
    if (weight >= low && weight <= high) return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/** Fontsource's id for a family: 'Source Serif 4' → 'source-serif-4'. */
function fontsourceId(family) { return family.toLowerCase().replace(/\s+/g, '-'); }

/** The weights and styles a family ships ({ weights: [400, 700], styles: ['normal', 'italic'] }), or null. */
function fontsourceMeta(family) {
  fontsourceMeta.cache ??= new Map();
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  if (!fontsourceMeta.cache.has(id)) {
    fontsourceMeta.cache.set(id, fetch(`https://api.fontsource.org/v1/fonts/${id}`)
      .then((res) => (res.ok ? res.json() : null), () => null));
  }
  return fontsourceMeta.cache.get(id);
}

// ─── Kit · viewer v1 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook ───────
/** Shows the pages as facing spreads on a dark desk: the first page is a
 *  recto on its own, then verso | recto pairs, as in a bound book. Pages
 *  are painted when they scroll near the screen. */
function showPages(docs, { title, width = 460 } = {}) {
  const root = viewer(title);
  const pages = [docs].flat().flatMap((doc) =>
    doc.pages.map((page) => ({ doc, page, n: (doc.pageIndexOffset ?? 0) + page.index })));
  const spreads = [];
  let verso = null;
  for (const p of pages) {
    if (p.n % 2 === 1) { if (verso) spreads.push([verso, null]); verso = p; }
    else { spreads.push([verso, p]); verso = null; }
  }
  if (verso) spreads.push([verso, null]);
  const density = Math.min(window.devicePixelRatio || 1, 2);
  showPages.painter?.disconnect();
  const painter = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => {
    for (const { isIntersecting, target } of entries) {
      if (!isIntersecting) continue;
      painter.unobserve(target);
      const { doc, page } = target.postext;
      renderPageToCanvas(page, doc, target, { scale: (width * density) / page.width });
    }
  }, { rootMargin: '800px' });
  showPages.painter = painter;
  root.replaceChildren(...spreads.map((pair) => {
    const spread = document.createElement('div');
    spread.className = 'pt-spread';
    for (const p of pair) {
      const figure = document.createElement('figure');
      if (p) {
        const label = p.page.pageLabel || String(p.n + 1);
        const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
        canvas.postext = p;
        canvas.style.aspectRatio = `${p.page.width} / ${p.page.height}`;
        canvas.setAttribute('role', 'img');
        canvas.setAttribute('aria-label', `Page ${label}`);
        const folio = document.createElement('figcaption');
        folio.textContent = label;
        figure.append(canvas, folio);
        painter.observe(canvas);
      } else figure.className = 'pt-blank';
      spread.append(figure);
    }
    return spread;
  }));
  kitStatus(`${pages.length} ${pages.length === 1 ? 'page' : 'pages'}`);
  document.documentElement.dataset.postext = 'ready';
  return pages.length;
}

/** The desk, the bar and the error reporting, created once. */
function viewer(title) {
  if (!document.getElementById('pt-kit')) {
    document.head.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', `<style id="pt-kit">
      :root { color-scheme: dark; }
      body { margin: 0; background: #0e1014; color: #b9bcc4; font: 13px/1.45 system-ui, sans-serif; }
      #pt-bar { position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 1; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center;
        gap: 6px 16px; padding: 10px 16px; background: rgb(14 16 20 / .92); backdrop-filter: blur(6px);
        border-bottom: 1px solid #23262d; }
      #pt-bar strong { color: #f4f1ea; font-weight: 600; }
      #pt-actions { display: flex; gap: 12px; margin-left: auto; }
      #pt-actions a, #pt-actions button { color: #d8a21a; font: inherit; background: none; border: 0; padding: 0; cursor: pointer; }
      #pages { display: grid; justify-items: center; gap: 48px; padding: 32px 16px 72px; }
      .pt-spread { display: flex; }
      .pt-spread figure { margin: 0; width: min(460px, 44vw); }
      .pt-spread canvas { display: block; width: 100%; background: #fff;
        box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / .5), 0 22px 44px -16px rgb(0 0 0 / .8); }
      .pt-spread figure:first-child canvas { box-shadow: inset -14px 0 14px -14px rgb(0 0 0 / .18), 0 1px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / .5), 0 22px 44px -16px rgb(0 0 0 / .8); }
      .pt-spread figcaption { margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; font: 600 10px/1 system-ui, sans-serif;
        letter-spacing: .18em; text-transform: uppercase; color: #6c7079; }
      .pt-blank { visibility: hidden; }
      @media (max-width: 760px) {
        .pt-spread { flex-direction: column; gap: 32px; }
        .pt-spread figure { width: min(460px, 92vw); }
        .pt-blank { display: none; }
      }
    </style>`);
    document.body.insertAdjacentHTML('afterbegin',
      '<header id="pt-bar"><strong id="pt-title"></strong><span id="pt-status" role="status"></span><span id="pt-actions"></span></header>');
    document.getElementById('pt-title').textContent = document.title || 'Postext';
    addEventListener('error', (event) => kitFail(event.error ?? event.message));
    addEventListener('unhandledrejection', (event) => kitFail(event.reason));
  }
  if (title) document.getElementById('pt-title').textContent = title;
  return document.getElementById('pages')
    ?? document.body.appendChild(Object.assign(document.createElement('main'), { id: 'pages' }));
}

function kitStatus(text) {
  viewer();
  document.getElementById('pt-status').textContent = text;
}

function kitFail(error) {
  document.documentElement.dataset.postext = 'error';
  kitStatus(`Error: ${error?.message ?? error}`);
}

// ─── Kit · pdf v1 ── the same in every recipe that exports a PDF ──────────────
/** postext-pdf embeds TrueType bytes. Fetch the Fontsource file the screen
 *  used, snapping to a weight the family ships and falling back to upright
 *  when it has no italic: the PDF asks for every face a block could use. */
async function fontsourceProvider(family, weight, style) {
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  const meta = await fontsourceMeta(family);
  const weights = meta?.weights?.length ? meta.weights : [400, 700];
  const w = weights.reduce((a, b) => (Math.abs(b - weight) < Math.abs(a - weight) ? b : a));
  const s = style === 'italic' && meta && !meta.styles.includes('italic') ? 'normal' : style;
  const res = await fetch(`https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fontsource/${id}@5/files/${id}-latin-${w}-${s}.woff2`);
  if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`Fontsource has no ${family} ${w} ${s} (${res.status})`);
  return decompressWoff2(new Uint8Array(await res.arrayBuffer()));
}

/** A "Build the PDF" button in the bar. Once built: "Open the PDF" (a new
 *  tab, since CodePen's preview frame cannot show PDFs) and a download link. */
function offerPdf(makePdf, filename) {
  viewer();
  const button = Object.assign(document.createElement('button'), { type: 'button', textContent: 'Build the PDF' });
  button.dataset.postextPdf = filename;
  button.addEventListener('click', async () => {
    button.disabled = true;
    button.textContent = 'Building the PDF…';
    try {
      const bytes = await makePdf();
      const url = URL.createObjectURL(new Blob([bytes], { type: 'application/pdf' }));
      const size = `${Math.max(1, Math.round(bytes.length / 1024))} KB`;
      button.replaceWith(
        Object.assign(document.createElement('a'), { href: url, target: '_blank', rel: 'noopener', textContent: 'Open the PDF ↗' }),
        Object.assign(document.createElement('a'), { href: url, download: filename, textContent: `Download ${filename} · ${size}` }));
    } catch (error) {
      button.disabled = false;
      button.textContent = 'Build the PDF';
      kitFail(error);
    }
  });
  document.getElementById('pt-actions').append(button);
}

// ─── /Kit ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
```

## アレンジ

### 注を最後にまとめる

学術誌によっては、注を論文の後にまとめます。引用は完全な形と短縮形をそのまま保ちます。

```diff
-  placement: 'column', numbering: 'chapter',
+  placement: 'chapterEnd', numbering: 'chapter',
```

### 「Ibid.」を復活させる

シカゴ式の第17版は、直前と同じ文献を引く注に「Ibid.」を印刷します。Zoteroのスタイルリポジトリーにあるそのスタイルの`.csl`ファイルを文字列に貼り付け、カスタムスタイルとして使います。

```diff
-  style: 'chicago-notes-bibliography', // CMOS 18th edition, notes and bibliography
+  style: 'custom', customStyle: CHICAGO_17TH_CSL, // the XML of the .csl file
```

## よくあるつまずき

- **headingsオブジェクトを渡すとH1の改ページが消える.** 既定ではH1は奇数ページへ改ページします（always-odd）。ところがheadingsオブジェクトを渡すと中身にかかわらずこの既定がリセットされ、章は改ページせずに続けて組まれ、span: 'page'も効かなくなります。どの設定でもheadings.levels[0].breakBefore: { enabled: true, parity }を書き直してください。
- **レイアウトの前にすべてのフォントを読み込む.** レイアウトはブラウザーが読み込んだフォントで文字を計測し、その幅をキャッシュします。最初のビルドのあとに届いたフォントがあると改行位置が狂い、PDFも画面と一致しなくなります。すべてのウェイトとスタイルを先に読み込み、遅れて届いたときは再ビルドの前にclearMeasurementCache()を呼んでください。
- **パレットを差し替えても、デザイン要素と参照色は変わらない.** postext 1.4.1はcolorPaletteをテキストのスタイル（本文、見出し、リスト、キャプション、表、囲み）には反映しますが、ヘッダー、フッター、章扉、部扉の要素と、bodyText.referenceColorには反映しません。これらはpaletteIdの横に書いた16進の色のままです。画面用のダーク版や色替えのためにパレットを差し替えるときは、ビルドの前に、リンクしたすべての色をcolorPaletteから書き直してください。
- **ハイフネーションできるのは8つのロケールだけで、コードは完全一致.** ハイフネーションが用意されているのはen-us、es、fr、de、it、pt、ca、nlで、コードは完全一致で照合されます。'es-ES'やほかの言語は、何の知らせもなくアメリカ英語にフォールバックします。
- **設定はオブジェクトの同一性でキャッシュされる。毎回新しいオブジェクトを作る.** エンジンは解決済みの設定をオブジェクトの同一性でキャッシュします。そのため、設定をその場で書き換えて再ビルドすると前の結果が再利用されます。ビルドのたびに新しいオブジェクトを作ってください。レシピの設定がファクトリー関数config()になっているのはこのためです。

- 引用の後にピリオドを打って注を終えないでください。スタイルがすでに引用をピリオドで閉じていて、Postextは2つをまとめないので、注がピリオド2つで終わってしまいます。
- 注のスタイルで角括弧なしの`@howse1980`と書くと、文の中には注番号だけが残り、「As ¹ says」のように著者名が消えます。名前は自分で書き、引用は角括弧に入れてください。`As Howse says,[@howse1980]`のように書きます。

## クレジット

- レシピ: Ignacio Ferro ([@drnachio](https://github.com/drnachio))
- 書体: Crimson Pro (OFL-1.1), IBM Plex Sans Condensed (OFL-1.1)
- コード: MIT · サンプルの内容: CC-BY-4.0

## 関連レシピ

- [No. 099 · OSCOLAで引用する判例評釈](https://postext.dev/ja/cookbook/legal-opinion-oscola.md): 4ページの判例評釈。[@robinson2018, para 21]形式の引用がOSCOLAの脚注になります。判例名はイタリック、ニュートラル・サイテーション、ibid、(n 1)の相互参照。 · 難易度 2 (中級) · 論文・学術書
- [No. 096 · MLA形式の引用文献一覧を付けた人文学の論文](https://postext.dev/ja/cookbook/mla-humanities-essay.md): 文学論文の[@key, 48]形式の引用を、MLA第9版の著者名とページによる参照に変えます。ブロック引用と、CSL-YAMLのデータから作るWorks Citedの一覧も入ります。 · 難易度 2 (中級) · 論文・学術書
- [No. 098 · 章ごとに参考文献を持つ編著](https://postext.dev/ja/cookbook/edited-volume-chapter-bibliographies.md): 3人の寄稿者による3編の論考。buildBundleでそれぞれを独立した文書にし、各章はその章が引用した文献だけを並べたChicago著者・年方式の一覧で終わります。 · 難易度 3 (上級) · 論文・学術書, 教科書