# Um ensaio de história com notas no estilo Chicago

> Um ensaio de história de quatro páginas cujas citações [@key, 87] viram notas Chicago no pé da página: completas na primeira vez, curtas depois, e bibliografia.

- Versão HTML: https://postext.dev/pt/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes
- Receita Nº 089 · Estrutura do livro · Nível 2 (Intermediário) · Saídas: Canvas, PDF
- Gêneros: Artigos e trabalhos acadêmicos
- Requer postext ≥ 1.12.0, postext-pdf ≥ 1.12.0 · testada com 1.19.1, postext-pdf 1.19.1 em 2026-10-06
- Páginas: [1](https://postext.dev/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes/en/p01.webp?v=e3194070), [2](https://postext.dev/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes/en/p02.webp?v=e3194070), [3](https://postext.dev/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes/en/p03.webp?v=e3194070), [4](https://postext.dev/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes/en/p04.webp?v=e3194070)
- PDF: https://postext.dev/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes/en/history-essay-chicago-notes.pdf?v=e3194070
- Abrir no Sandbox: https://postext.dev/pt/sandbox#recipe=history-essay-chicago-notes&lang=en (.postext: https://postext.dev/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes/en/history-essay-chicago-notes.postext)
- Última atualização: 2026-10-01
- Outros idiomas: [en](https://postext.dev/en/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes.md), [es](https://postext.dev/es/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes.md), [ca](https://postext.dev/ca/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes.md), [zh](https://postext.dev/zh/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes.md), [ja](https://postext.dev/ja/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes.md), [ar](https://postext.dev/ar/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes.md)

## Em poucas palavras

Um ensaio sobre como as cidades britânicas passaram a seguir a hora de Londres. Cada fonte que a autora cita vira uma nota numerada no pé da página, e a lista de obras vem no fim.

## O que você vai compor

Uma separata da série de história da tecnologia de uma revista: um ensaio de cerca de 1.100 palavras sobre como as cidades britânicas trocaram o seu próprio meio-dia pelo de Londres entre 1840 e 1880. A página tem 156 × 234 mm, com margens espelhadas, em Crimson Pro de 11/14 pt, e uma faixa verde-ferrovia cobre a metade de cima da primeira página. A autora escreve cada fonte como uma chave, `[@howse1980, 87]`, e o Postext compõe cada uma como uma nota numerada no pé da página no estilo de notas e bibliografia de Chicago. A primeira nota de uma obra traz autor, título e editora; todas as seguintes trazem a forma curta. As notas discursivas da própria autora tiram os números da mesma sequência, e a bibliografia fecha o ensaio.

**Esta receita responde a:**

- Como ponho as citações em notas de rodapé no estilo Chicago, com forma curta nas seguintes?
- Como cito obras e monto a bibliografia em APA, IEEE ou outro estilo de citação?

## A resposta curta

```js
// script.js, linhas 32–49
// The text cites with [@howse1980, 87]; a note style turns every citation into a
// footnote. The first note for a work gives it in full, later ones in the short form
// (author, short title, page), and the bibliography lists the works by author.
registerCitationEngine(createCiteprocEngine({ styles: STYLES, locales: LOCALES }));
const citations = {
  style: 'chicago-notes-bibliography', // CMOS 18th edition, notes and bibliography
  notes: 'footnote', // each citation in a note at the foot of the page
  link: true, // a note's citation jumps to its bibliography entry
  bibliography: { fontSize: em(0.92), lineHeight: pt(13), hangingIndent: em(1.8),
    entrySpacing: pt(3) },
};
// The citation notes share the numbering and the look of the author's own [^notes].
const footnotes = {
  placement: 'column', numbering: 'chapter',
  fontSize: pt(8.5), lineHeight: pt(10.75), spaceBetween: pt(2),
  textAlign: 'left', // ragged: the gap after a note's number stays the same in every note
  separator: { width: 0.3, lineWidth: pt(0.5), color: col('rule') },
};
```

## Ingredientes

**Ensina**

- [Citações em notas](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/document-format.md#citações-e-bibliografia): Um estilo de notas (Chicago com notas, OSCOLA, GB/T 7714 com notas) põe cada citação em uma nota de rodapé, com forma abreviada nas citações seguintes, ou em uma nota de duas linhas dentro da linha chinesa.
- [Citações em um estilo de citação](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/document-format.md#citações-e-bibliografia): Obras citadas como [@chave, p. 33] e formatadas em um estilo CSL (APA, Chicago, MLA, IEEE, Vancouver, ISO 690, GB/T 7714…) escolhido nas configurações, com link para as respectivas entradas.

**Também usa**

- [Bibliografia a partir das referências](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/document-format.md#citações-e-bibliografia)
- [Notas de rodapé](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/document-format.md#notas-de-rodapé)
- [Aberturas desenhadas](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#largura-e-design-avançado)
- [Atributos de título](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/document-format.md#atributos-de-título)
- [Cabeços e fólios](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#cabeços-e-rodapés)
- [Margens espelhadas](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#margens-espelhadas)
- [Estilos de parágrafo](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#estilos-de-parágrafo)
- [Paleta de cores semântica](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#paleta-de-cores)
- [Exportação para PDF](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#geração-de-pdf)
- [Referências cruzadas](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/document-format.md#referências-cruzadas-e-âncoras)
- [Cor do papel](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#página)
- [Cabeços por tipo de página](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#elementos-de-texto)
- [Fontes incorporadas ao PDF](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#por-que-um-provedor-de-fontes)

**A configuração em resumo**

- [`bodyText`](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#texto-do-corpo), [`citations`](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#citações), [`colorPalette`](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#paleta-de-cores), [`footer`](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#cabeços-e-rodapés), `footnotes`, [`header`](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#cabeços-e-rodapés), [`headings`](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#títulos), [`layout`](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#diagramação), [`locale`](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#hifenização), [`page`](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#página), [`paragraphStyles`](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#estilos-de-parágrafo)

**API**

- [`LOCALES`](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/document-format.md#citações-e-bibliografia), [`STYLES`](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/document-format.md#citações-e-bibliografia), [`buildDocument`](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#compilar-um-documento), [`clearMeasurementCache`](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#cache-de-medidas), [`createCiteprocEngine`](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/document-format.md#citações-e-bibliografia), [`decompressWoff2`](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#provedor-de-fontes-no-navegador-fontsource--woff2), [`registerCitationEngine`](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/document-format.md#citações-e-bibliografia), [`renderPageToCanvas`](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#renderizar-uma-página-como-bitmap), [`renderToPdf`](https://postext.dev/pt/docs/configuration.md#geração-de-pdf)

**Tipos**

- Crimson Pro (OFL-1.1), IBM Plex Sans Condensed (OFL-1.1)

## Preparo

### 1 · Uma nota para cada citação

O código está na [resposta curta](https://postext.dev/pt/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes.md#a-resposta-curta), mais acima. `chicago-notes-bibliography` é um estilo de notas, então uma citação deixa no texto um número sobrescrito e as suas palavras vão para uma nota de rodapé numerada junto com as `[^notes]` da própria autora; `notes: 'footnote'` diz isso de forma explícita. O citeproc-js controla quais obras já citou, então a nota 3 diz *Derek Howse, Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude (Oxford University Press, 1980), 87* e a nota 4, que cita o mesmo livro de novo, diz *Howse, Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude, 90–91*. O estilo incluído é a 18ª edição do Manual de Chicago, que abandona o *Ibid.* e repete a forma curta, por isso as notas 11 e 12 imprimem a forma curta duas vezes.

### 2 · As notas da autora também citam

Uma citação dentro de uma `[^note]` fica nessa nota e é composta na linha, por extenso se for a primeira aparição da obra: a nota 1 é a frase da autora seguida da referência completa de Schivelbusch. Toda citação termina com o ponto final do estilo, então uma nota que fecha com uma citação não precisa de ponto final próprio no Markdown.

### 3 · Prefixos, sufixos e localizadores

`[see @simmons1991, 346–47; and @bartky2000, chap. 9]` põe *see* antes da primeira obra, separa as duas com ponto e vírgula e mantém o localizador de cada obra. Um número sozinho é uma página; `chap.` e `cap.` indicam um capítulo em qualquer dos dois idiomas. O texto depois do localizador é um sufixo: `[@howse1980, 82–84, on the mail-coach timepieces]` imprime a frase depois das páginas.

### 4 · A abertura fica numa faixa

```js
// script.js, linhas 53–74
const BAND = 122; // mm from the trim's top
const opener = {
  enabled: true,
  minHeight: mm(BAND - MARGIN.top + 9), // the text starts 9 mm under the band
  slot: { elements: [
    { kind: 'box', id: 'band', style: { backgroundColor: col('green') },
      placement: { ...at('page', 'top-left'), size: { width: 'fill', height: mm(BAND) } } },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'kicker', content: '{attr.kicker}', fontFamily: LABEL, fontWeight: 600,
      fontSize: pt(7.5), letterSpacing: pt(1.4), textTransform: 'uppercase', color: col('tint'),
      align: 'left', placement: at('container', 'top-left', 0, 4) },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'years', content: '{attr.years}', fontFamily: TEXT, fontWeight: 300,
      fontSize: pt(54), lineHeight: 1, color: col('tint'), align: 'left',
      placement: at('container', 'top-left', -1, 16) },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'title', content: '{titleText}', fontFamily: TEXT, fontWeight: 600,
      fontSize: pt(25), lineHeight: 1.08, color: col('paper'), align: 'left', overflow: 'wrap',
      placement: { ...at('container', 'top-left', 0, 47),
        size: { width: mm(112), height: 'auto' } } },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'byline', content: '{attr.byline}', fontFamily: LABEL, fontWeight: 600,
      fontSize: pt(9), letterSpacing: pt(0.6), color: col('tint'), align: 'left',
      placement: at('container', 'top-left', 0, 92) },
  ] },
};
```

A faixa desce 122 mm a partir do refile e o texto começa 9 mm abaixo dela. As datas vêm de um atributo do título, `years="1840–1880"`, compostas em Crimson Pro Light de 54 pt, para que o cartão mostre um número tão grande quanto um título; o atributo da assinatura também alimenta o cabeço das páginas pares.

```js
// script.js, linhas 16–23
const palette = {
  ink: '#211d1a', green: '#24493d', tint: '#dfe8e2', rule: '#b7b0a4', muted: '#6a645b',
  paper: '#fbf9f4',
};
// A design element paints the hex written beside its paletteId (gotcha: palette-skips-designs).
const col = (id) => ({ hex: palette[id], model: 'hex', paletteId: id });
const colorPalette = Object.entries({ ...palette, 'main-color': palette.green })
  .map(([id, hex]) => ({ id, name: id, value: { hex, model: 'hex' } }));
```

## A receita completa

Um único arquivo, composto a partir da pasta da receita com o texto de exemplo e o kit comum das Receitas já incluídos; ele monta a própria página. Para executá-lo, coloque-o em um `<script type="module">` de uma página vazia ou cole-o no painel JS de um pen novo do CodePen (como módulo). Ele importa o postext do esm.sh, então não há nada para instalar nem compilar.

- Pasta da receita: https://github.com/drnachio/postext/tree/main/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes

### script.js

```js
// ═══ Postext Cookbook · Nº 089 · A history essay with Chicago notes ═══════════════
// https://postext.dev/en/cookbook/history-essay-chicago-notes
// Code: MIT · Text: original (CC BY 4.0) · Pictures: none
// Fonts: Crimson Pro, IBM Plex Sans Condensed (SIL OFL 1.1) · Needs postext ≥ 1.12.0
import {
  buildDocument, renderPageToCanvas, clearMeasurementCache, registerCitationEngine,
} from 'https://esm.sh/postext';
import { renderToPdf, decompressWoff2 } from 'https://esm.sh/postext-pdf';
import { createCiteprocEngine, STYLES, LOCALES } from 'https://esm.sh/postext-citeproc';

const LANG = 'en'; // @lang: the language of the sample document ('en' | 'es')
const RECIPE = 'history-essay-chicago-notes';

// ─── 1 · Design ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// #region palette: a railway green for the opener band, ink and warm paper for the rest
const palette = {
  ink: '#211d1a', green: '#24493d', tint: '#dfe8e2', rule: '#b7b0a4', muted: '#6a645b',
  paper: '#fbf9f4',
};
// A design element paints the hex written beside its paletteId (gotcha: palette-skips-designs).
const col = (id) => ({ hex: palette[id], model: 'hex', paletteId: id });
const colorPalette = Object.entries({ ...palette, 'main-color': palette.green })
  .map(([id, hex]) => ({ id, name: id, value: { hex, model: 'hex' } }));
// #endregion
const TEXT = 'Crimson Pro', LABEL = 'IBM Plex Sans Condensed';
const TRIM = { width: 156, height: 234 }; // a journal offprint, trimmed like a trade book
const MARGIN = { top: 22, bottom: 22, inner: 20, outer: 17 };
const LEAD = 14; // pt
const at = (to, edge, x = 0, y = 0) => ({ anchor: { to, edge }, offset: { x: mm(x), y: mm(y) } });

// #region answer: Chicago notes and bibliography, one note per citation
// The text cites with [@howse1980, 87]; a note style turns every citation into a
// footnote. The first note for a work gives it in full, later ones in the short form
// (author, short title, page), and the bibliography lists the works by author.
registerCitationEngine(createCiteprocEngine({ styles: STYLES, locales: LOCALES }));
const citations = {
  style: 'chicago-notes-bibliography', // CMOS 18th edition, notes and bibliography
  notes: 'footnote', // each citation in a note at the foot of the page
  link: true, // a note's citation jumps to its bibliography entry
  bibliography: { fontSize: em(0.92), lineHeight: pt(13), hangingIndent: em(1.8),
    entrySpacing: pt(3) },
};
// The citation notes share the numbering and the look of the author's own [^notes].
const footnotes = {
  placement: 'column', numbering: 'chapter',
  fontSize: pt(8.5), lineHeight: pt(10.75), spaceBetween: pt(2),
  textAlign: 'left', // ragged: the gap after a note's number stays the same in every note
  separator: { width: 0.3, lineWidth: pt(0.5), color: col('rule') },
};
// #endregion

// #region opener: the green band holds the kicker, the dates and the title
const BAND = 122; // mm from the trim's top
const opener = {
  enabled: true,
  minHeight: mm(BAND - MARGIN.top + 9), // the text starts 9 mm under the band
  slot: { elements: [
    { kind: 'box', id: 'band', style: { backgroundColor: col('green') },
      placement: { ...at('page', 'top-left'), size: { width: 'fill', height: mm(BAND) } } },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'kicker', content: '{attr.kicker}', fontFamily: LABEL, fontWeight: 600,
      fontSize: pt(7.5), letterSpacing: pt(1.4), textTransform: 'uppercase', color: col('tint'),
      align: 'left', placement: at('container', 'top-left', 0, 4) },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'years', content: '{attr.years}', fontFamily: TEXT, fontWeight: 300,
      fontSize: pt(54), lineHeight: 1, color: col('tint'), align: 'left',
      placement: at('container', 'top-left', -1, 16) },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'title', content: '{titleText}', fontFamily: TEXT, fontWeight: 600,
      fontSize: pt(25), lineHeight: 1.08, color: col('paper'), align: 'left', overflow: 'wrap',
      placement: { ...at('container', 'top-left', 0, 47),
        size: { width: mm(112), height: 'auto' } } },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'byline', content: '{attr.byline}', fontFamily: LABEL, fontWeight: 600,
      fontSize: pt(9), letterSpacing: pt(0.6), color: col('tint'), align: 'left',
      placement: at('container', 'top-left', 0, 92) },
  ] },
};
// #endregion

const head = (id, content, parity, edge, x, align) => ({
  kind: 'text', id, content, parity, pages: 'body', fontFamily: LABEL, fontWeight: 600,
  fontSize: pt(7.5), letterSpacing: pt(1.1), textTransform: 'uppercase', color: col('muted'),
  align, placement: at('page', edge, x, 12),
});

const config = () => ({ // a factory: the engine caches resolved configs per object
  locale: t({ en: 'en-us', es: 'es' }), // exact codes (gotcha: hyphenation-locales)
  colorPalette,
  citations,
  footnotes,
  page: {
    sizePreset: 'custom', width: mm(TRIM.width), height: mm(TRIM.height), dpi: 150,
    backgroundColor: col('paper'),
    margins: { top: mm(MARGIN.top), bottom: mm(MARGIN.bottom), left: mm(MARGIN.inner),
      right: mm(MARGIN.outer), mirror: true },
  },
  layout: { layoutType: 'single' },
  bodyText: {
    fontFamily: TEXT, fontSize: pt(11), lineHeight: pt(LEAD), color: col('ink'),
    boldColor: col('ink'), italicColor: col('ink'), referenceColor: col('ink'),
    textAlign: 'justify', firstLineIndent: mm(5), indentAfterHeading: false,
    hyphenation: { enabled: true }, optimalLineBreaking: true,
    avoidWidows: true, avoidOrphans: true, avoidRunts: true,
  },
  headings: {
    fontFamily: TEXT, fontWeight: 600, color: col('ink'),
    levels: [
      // Restated: any headings object drops the H1 break (gotcha: headings-drop-h1-break).
      { level: 1, fontSize: pt(25), breakBefore: { enabled: true, parity: 'any' },
        advancedDesign: opener },
      { level: 2, fontFamily: LABEL, fontWeight: 600, fontSize: pt(8.5), letterSpacing: pt(1.3),
        textTransform: 'uppercase', color: col('green'), lineHeight: pt(LEAD),
        marginTop: pt(LEAD), marginBottom: pt(LEAD / 2) },
    ],
  },
  paragraphStyles: [
    { id: 'colophon', fontFamily: LABEL, fontSize: pt(7), lineHeight: pt(9.5),
      color: col('muted'), textAlign: 'left', firstLineIndent: pt(0), marginTop: pt(LEAD) },
  ],
  header: { elements: [
    head('verso-folio', '{pageNumber}', 'even', 'top-left', MARGIN.outer, 'left'),
    head('verso-author', '{attr.byline}', 'even', 'top-left', MARGIN.outer + 8, 'left'),
    head('recto-title', '{title}', 'odd', 'top-right', -(MARGIN.outer + 8), 'right'),
    head('recto-folio', '{pageNumber}', 'odd', 'top-right', -MARGIN.outer, 'right'),
  ] },
  footer: { elements: [] },
});

// ─── 2 · Content ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
const markdown = String.raw`---
title: "Railway Time"
author: "Clara Whitcombe"
---

# Railway Time: How British Towns Came to Keep London's Hour {#essay kicker="Essays in the History of Technology · No. 14" years="1840–1880" byline="Clara Whitcombe"}

In the autumn of 1840 a traveller who left Paddington on the Great Western Railway carried two times with him. The timetable in his pocket gave the hours of London; the church clock at Bath or Bristol, when he arrived, gave the hours of the place, a few minutes behind. Bristol stood a little over two and a half degrees west of Greenwich, and its noon, the moment the sun crossed the local meridian, came about ten minutes after London's. For centuries the difference had not mattered. A stagecoach that took a day to cover the distance lost more than ten minutes to a lame horse. A train that covered it in four hours could not.[^frame]

This essay follows the forty years in which that difference was settled, from the Great Western's first timetables to the act of Parliament that made Greenwich time the legal time of Great Britain in 1880. The story has usually been told as a triumph of engineering over custom. It reads better as a negotiation, in which railway companies, telegraph companies, town councils and courts each settled the question for their own purposes, and not always in the same direction.

[^frame]: For the railway's effect on the sense of time and distance, see [@schivelbusch1986, chap. 3]

## The companies decide

The first railways ran their trains by the clocks of their own stations. On a line of a few miles this caused no trouble, and the early timetables did not say which time they meant. The difficulty came with the long trunk lines of the late 1830s, which joined towns whose clocks disagreed by a quarter of an hour.[@simmons1991, 345]

The Great Western printed London time in its timetables from November 1840 and asked its station clocks to keep it.[@howse1980, 87] In 1847 the Railway Clearing House, the body through which the companies settled their accounts for through traffic, recommended that every member adopt Greenwich time from the first of December. By the end of 1848 nearly all of them had.[@howse1980, 90–91]

The decision was commercial before it was scientific. A company that kept one time along its line needed one timetable and one set of instructions for its staff, and it could publish connections with other lines without a table of corrections. Greenwich was chosen because London was where the companies had their offices and the Post Office its mail coaches, not because the observatory stood there.[^post]

[^post]: The Post Office had sent its guards out with watches set to London time since the 1790s; see [@howse1980, 82–84, on the mail-coach timepieces]

## The wire carries the hour

A time that every station is meant to keep has to reach every station. At first it travelled by hand: a guard on the morning down train carried a watch set at Paddington, and the stationmasters along the line set their clocks from it.

The electric telegraph changed the means. From 1852 the Royal Observatory sent a signal each day along the wires of the Electric Telegraph Company, and the company passed it on to the railway stations and post offices on its network.[@standage1998, 59] A clock in Manchester or Edinburgh could now be checked against Greenwich within a second or two of the event. The signal made Greenwich time available everywhere the wires went; it did not oblige anyone to keep it.[@schivelbusch1986, 43–44]

## The towns hesitate

Most towns on a main line gave way within a few years, since a clock that disagreed with the station made people miss trains. Some held out. In 1852 the clock on the Corn Exchange at Bristol was given a second minute hand, one for Bristol and one for London, and it still has both.[@simmons1991, 346] At Exeter, which the railway reached in 1844, the cathedral clock went on keeping the time of the city for some years after the station clock had changed.[^exeter]

[^exeter]: On the British towns, and on the same quarrel in American towns thirty years later, see [@simmons1991, 346–47; and @bartky2000, chap. 9]

The holdouts were not cranks. Local mean time followed the sun, and the sun still ordered the working day of farmers, fishermen and anyone whose hours depended on daylight. An hour fixed in London was an imposition on them. The historian of factory discipline has argued that the clock had already become a means of controlling labour by the eighteenth century;[@thompson1967, 80–82] the dispute over railway time extended that argument to whole towns, which were asked to accept an hour set elsewhere.

## The courts decline

The law was slower than the towns. Statutes that named a time meant the time of the place, and that time was local mean time. In 1858 a trial at Dorchester began at ten by the court's clock, which kept London time, and judgment was given against a defendant who arrived at ten by the time of the town, some minutes later. On appeal the judges held that the hour meant was the local one, and the judgment was set aside.[@howse1980, 113] For twenty more years a contract, a polling station or a public house could be bound by one time while the trains ran by another.

The Statutes (Definition of Time) Act of 1880 closed the gap. It declared that any expression of time in an act of Parliament, deed or other legal instrument meant, unless stated otherwise, Greenwich mean time in Great Britain and Dublin mean time in Ireland.[@howse1980, 114]

## A settlement, not a conquest

Seen from 1840, railway time was one of several possible arrangements. The companies might have kept local times and printed tables of corrections, as some American railroads did until 1883,[@bartky2000, 140–45] and the international system of zones that followed the Washington conference of 1884 took half a century to reach most of the world.[@ogle2015, chap. 1] In Britain the distances were short, the companies were few enough to agree through a single clearing house, and the telegraph reached the stations as the trains did. Those conditions, more than any principle, account for the speed with which a country of local noons came to keep one hour.[@ogle2015, 25; see also @schivelbusch1986, chap. 3]

## Bibliography

:::bibliography{title=""}

:::paragraphs{style="colophon"}
A sample essay written for the Postext Cookbook (CC BY 4.0). The cited works are real; the page numbers in the notes are illustrative. Set in Crimson Pro and IBM Plex Sans Condensed (SIL OFL).
:::

:::references{format=csl-yaml}
- id: schivelbusch1986
  type: book
  author: [{family: Schivelbusch, given: Wolfgang}]
  title: "The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Century"
  publisher: University of California Press
  publisher-place: Berkeley
  issued: 1986
- id: thompson1967
  type: article-journal
  author: [{family: Thompson, given: E. P.}]
  title: "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism"
  container-title: Past & Present
  issue: 38
  page: 56-97
  issued: 1967
- id: howse1980
  type: book
  author: [{family: Howse, given: Derek}]
  title: Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude
  publisher: Oxford University Press
  publisher-place: Oxford
  issued: 1980
- id: simmons1991
  type: book
  author: [{family: Simmons, given: Jack}]
  title: The Victorian Railway
  publisher: Thames and Hudson
  publisher-place: London
  issued: 1991
- id: standage1998
  type: book
  author: [{family: Standage, given: Tom}]
  title: The Victorian Internet
  publisher: Walker
  publisher-place: New York
  issued: 1998
- id: bartky2000
  type: book
  author: [{family: Bartky, given: Ian R.}]
  title: "Selling the True Time: Nineteenth-Century Timekeeping in America"
  publisher: Stanford University Press
  publisher-place: Stanford, CA
  issued: 2000
- id: ogle2015
  type: book
  author: [{family: Ogle, given: Vanessa}]
  title: The Global Transformation of Time, 1870–1950
  publisher: Harvard University Press
  publisher-place: Cambridge, MA
  issued: 2015
:::
`;

// ─── 3 · Fonts ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Every face the design uses (gotcha: fonts-first).
const FONTS = {
  'Crimson Pro': ['300', '400', '400i', '600', '600i'],
  'IBM Plex Sans Condensed': ['400', '600'],
};

// ─── 4 · Build & show ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
await loadFonts(FONTS, markdown);
const doc = await buildWithFonts(() => buildDocument({ markdown }, config()), markdown);
const title = t({ en: 'A history essay with Chicago notes',
  es: 'Un ensayo de historia con notas de Chicago' });
showPages(doc, { title });
offerPdf(() => renderToPdf(doc, { fontProvider: fontsourceProvider }), `${RECIPE}.pdf`);

// ─── Kit ── helpers shared by every Cookbook recipe · postext.dev/cookbook ─────

// ─── Kit · core v1 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook
function mm(value) { return { value, unit: 'mm' }; }
function pt(value) { return { value, unit: 'pt' }; }
function em(value) { return { value, unit: 'em' }; }
/** The sample language's string: t({ en: 'Figure', es: 'Figura' }). */
function t(strings) { return strings[LANG] ?? Object.values(strings)[0]; }
/** A file in this recipe's assets folder, served from the Postext repo by jsDelivr. */
function asset(file) { return `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/drnachio/postext@main/cookbook/${RECIPE}/assets/${file}`; }

// ─── Kit · fonts v2 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook
// Postext measures with the loaded faces and caches the widths: load every face
// before the first build, from Fontsource, the files the PDF embeds too.

/** faces = { 'Family Name': ['400', '400i', '700'] }. `text` is the sample:
 *  č ł † α χ also load latin-ext and greek files (kitSubsetsFor). With
 *  `optional`, a face Fontsource does not ship is skipped instead of failing.
 *  Resolves to the number of faces added. */
async function loadFonts(faces, text = '', { optional = false } = {}) {
  kitStatus('Loading fonts…');
  const ranges = {
    latin: 'U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,'
      + 'U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD',
    'latin-ext': 'U+0100-02BA,U+02BD-02C5,U+02C7-02CC,U+02CE-02D7,U+02DD-02FF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,'
      + 'U+1D00-1DBF,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20C0,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF',
    greek: 'U+0370-03FF',
  };
  const jobs = [];
  let added = 0;
  for (const [family, specs] of Object.entries(faces)) {
    const id = fontsourceId(family);
    const todo = [...new Set(specs)].map((spec) => [parseInt(spec, 10), spec.endsWith('i') ? 'italic' : 'normal'])
      .filter(([weight, style]) => !hasFace(family, weight, style)); // before any await
    const meta = optional || /[^\0-ÿ]/u.test(text) ? await fontsourceMeta(family) : null;
    const subsets = ['latin', ...kitSubsetsFor(text, meta)];
    for (const [weight, style] of todo) {
      if (optional && !(meta?.weights.includes(weight) && meta.styles.includes(style))) continue;
      for (const subset of subsets) {
        const url = `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fontsource/${id}@5/files/${id}-${subset}-${weight}-${style}.woff2`;
        const face = new FontFace(family, `url(${url}) format('woff2')`,
          { weight: String(weight), style, unicodeRange: ranges[subset] });
        jobs.push(face.load().then((ready) => { document.fonts.add(ready); added++; }, () => {
          if (subset === 'latin' && !optional) throw new Error(`Fontsource has no ${family} ${weight} ${style}`);
        }));
      }
    }
  }
  await Promise.all(jobs).catch((error) => { kitFail(error); throw error; });
  return added;
}

/** Runs `build` and loads any face the pages use that FONTS missed (a regular
 *  one with a warning), then clears the measurement cache and builds again. */
async function buildWithFonts(build, text = '') {
  const tried = new Set();
  for (let round = 0; round < 3; round++) {
    kitStatus('Laying out…');
    await new Promise(requestAnimationFrame);          // let the status paint first
    const result = await Promise.resolve().then(build).catch((error) => { kitFail(error); throw error; });
    const wanted = { base: {}, variants: {} };
    for (const { font, base } of [result].flat().flatMap(fontStringsOf)) {
      const { family, weight, style } = parseFont(font);
      const key = `${family}|${weight}|${style}`;
      if (tried.has(key) || hasFace(family, weight, style)) continue;
      tried.add(key);
      (wanted[base ? 'base' : 'variants'][family] ??= []).push(`${weight}${style === 'italic' ? 'i' : ''}`);
    }
    if (Object.keys(wanted.base).length) {
      console.warn(`[cookbook] FONTS does not list ${JSON.stringify(wanted.base)}: loading them.`);
    }
    const added = await loadFonts(wanted.base, text) + await loadFonts(wanted.variants, text, { optional: true });
    if (added === 0) return result;
    clearMeasurementCache();
  }
  throw new Error('The fonts did not settle after three builds.');
}

/** Every font string of the layout; `base` marks a block's own face. */
function fontStringsOf(doc) {
  const found = new Map();
  const walk = (node) => {
    if (!node || typeof node !== 'object') return;
    if (Array.isArray(node)) { node.forEach(walk); return; }
    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(node)) {
      if (typeof value === 'string' && /fontString$/i.test(key)) {
        found.set(value, found.get(value) || key === 'fontString');
      } else if (value && typeof value === 'object') walk(value);
    }
  };
  walk(doc.pages);
  walk(doc.blocks);
  return [...found].map(([font, base]) => ({ font, base }));
}

/** '700 37.5px Open Sans' / 'italic 400 13px "Source Serif 4"' → { family, weight, style }.
 *  A string with no weight ('95.8px Young Serif', from a design text) is 400. */
function parseFont(font) {
  const m = /^(?:(italic|oblique)\s+)?(?:small-caps\s+)?(?:(\d+|bold|normal)\s+)?[\d.]+px\s+(.+)$/.exec(font.trim());
  if (!m) throw new Error(`Unexpected font string: ${font}`);
  const weight = m[2] === 'bold' ? 700 : !m[2] || m[2] === 'normal' ? 400 : Number(m[2]);
  return { family: m[3].replace(/^["']|["']$/g, ''), weight, style: m[1] ? 'italic' : 'normal' };
}

/** A loaded FontFace covers this family, weight and style (fonts.check() would
 *  also say yes for families nobody declared). */
function hasFace(family, weight, style) {
  for (const face of document.fonts) {
    if (face.status !== 'loaded' || face.style !== style) continue;
    if (face.family.replace(/^["']|["']$/g, '') !== family) continue;
    const [low, high = low] = face.weight.split(' ').map(Number);
    if (weight >= low && weight <= high) return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/** The files beyond latin `text` needs that `meta`'s family ships. */
function kitSubsetsFor(text, meta) {
  return [[/[Ā-˿ᴀ-ᶿḀ-ỿ†ℓⱠ-Ɀ꜠-ꟿ]/u, 'latin-ext'], [/[Ͱ-Ͽ]/u, 'greek']]
    .filter(([re, x]) => re.test(text) && meta?.subsets?.includes(x)).map(([, x]) => x);
}

/** Fontsource's id for a family: 'Source Serif 4' → 'source-serif-4'. */
function fontsourceId(family) { return family.toLowerCase().replace(/\s+/g, '-'); }

/** The family's Fontsource metadata (weights, styles, subsets), or null. */
function fontsourceMeta(family) {
  fontsourceMeta.cache ??= new Map();
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  if (!fontsourceMeta.cache.has(id)) {
    fontsourceMeta.cache.set(id, fetch(`https://api.fontsource.org/v1/fonts/${id}`)
      .then((res) => (res.ok ? res.json() : null), () => null));
  }
  return fontsourceMeta.cache.get(id);
}

// ─── Kit · viewer v1 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook
/** The pages as spreads on a dark desk, page 1 alone, then verso | recto,
 *  each painted when it scrolls near. */
function showPages(docs, { title, width = 460 } = {}) {
  const root = viewer(title);
  const pages = [docs].flat().flatMap((doc) =>
    doc.pages.map((page) => ({ doc, page, n: (doc.pageIndexOffset ?? 0) + page.index })));
  const spreads = [];
  let verso = null;
  for (const p of pages) {
    if (p.n % 2 === 1) { if (verso) spreads.push([verso, null]); verso = p; }
    else { spreads.push([verso, p]); verso = null; }
  }
  if (verso) spreads.push([verso, null]);
  const density = Math.min(window.devicePixelRatio || 1, 2);
  showPages.painter?.disconnect();
  const painter = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => {
    for (const { isIntersecting, target } of entries) {
      if (!isIntersecting) continue;
      painter.unobserve(target);
      const { doc, page } = target.postext;
      renderPageToCanvas(page, doc, target, { scale: (width * density) / page.width });
    }
  }, { rootMargin: '800px' });
  showPages.painter = painter;
  root.replaceChildren(...spreads.map((pair) => {
    const spread = document.createElement('div');
    spread.className = 'pt-spread';
    for (const p of pair) {
      const figure = document.createElement('figure');
      if (p) {
        const label = p.page.pageLabel || String(p.n + 1);
        const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
        canvas.postext = p;
        canvas.style.aspectRatio = `${p.page.width} / ${p.page.height}`;
        canvas.setAttribute('role', 'img');
        canvas.setAttribute('aria-label', `Page ${label}`);
        const folio = document.createElement('figcaption');
        folio.textContent = label;
        figure.append(canvas, folio);
        painter.observe(canvas);
      } else figure.className = 'pt-blank';
      spread.append(figure);
    }
    return spread;
  }));
  kitStatus(`${pages.length} ${pages.length === 1 ? 'page' : 'pages'}`);
  document.documentElement.dataset.postext = 'ready';
  return pages.length;
}

/** The desk, the bar and the error reporting, created once. */
function viewer(title) {
  if (!document.getElementById('pt-kit')) {
    document.head.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', `<style id="pt-kit">
      :root { color-scheme: dark; }
      body { margin: 0; background: #0e1014; color: #b9bcc4; font: 13px/1.45 system-ui, sans-serif; }
      #pt-bar { position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 1; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center;
        gap: 6px 16px; padding: 10px 16px; background: rgb(14 16 20 / .92); backdrop-filter: blur(6px);
        border-bottom: 1px solid #23262d; }
      #pt-bar strong { color: #f4f1ea; font-weight: 600; }
      #pt-actions { display: flex; gap: 12px; margin-left: auto; }
      #pt-actions a, #pt-actions button { color: #d8a21a; font: inherit; background: none; border: 0; padding: 0; cursor: pointer; }
      #pages { display: grid; justify-items: center; gap: 48px; padding: 32px 16px 72px; }
      .pt-spread { display: flex; }
      .pt-spread figure { margin: 0; width: min(460px, 44vw); }
      .pt-spread canvas { display: block; width: 100%; background: #fff;
        box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / .5), 0 22px 44px -16px rgb(0 0 0 / .8); }
      .pt-spread figure:first-child canvas { box-shadow: inset -14px 0 14px -14px rgb(0 0 0 / .18), 0 1px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / .5), 0 22px 44px -16px rgb(0 0 0 / .8); }
      .pt-spread figcaption { margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; font: 600 10px/1 system-ui, sans-serif;
        letter-spacing: .18em; text-transform: uppercase; color: #6c7079; }
      .pt-blank { visibility: hidden; }
      @media (max-width: 760px) {
        .pt-spread { flex-direction: column; gap: 32px; }
        .pt-spread figure { width: min(460px, 92vw); }
        .pt-blank { display: none; }
      }
    </style>`);
    document.body.insertAdjacentHTML('afterbegin',
      '<header id="pt-bar"><strong id="pt-title"></strong><span id="pt-status" role="status"></span><span id="pt-actions"></span></header>');
    document.getElementById('pt-title').textContent = document.title || 'Postext';
    addEventListener('error', (event) => kitFail(event.error ?? event.message));
    addEventListener('unhandledrejection', (event) => kitFail(event.reason));
  }
  if (title) document.getElementById('pt-title').textContent = title;
  return document.getElementById('pages')
    ?? document.body.appendChild(Object.assign(document.createElement('main'), { id: 'pages' }));
}

function kitStatus(text) {
  viewer();
  document.getElementById('pt-status').textContent = text;
}

function kitFail(error) {
  document.documentElement.dataset.postext = 'error';
  kitStatus(`Error: ${error?.message ?? error}`);
}

// ─── Kit · pdf v2 ── the same in every recipe that exports a PDF
/** The Fontsource files the screen used, as TrueType: the nearest weight the
 *  family ships, upright if it has no italic; latin, then what the face's
 *  letters need (kitSubsetsFor). */
async function fontsourceProvider(family, weight, style, request) {
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  const meta = await fontsourceMeta(family);
  const weights = meta?.weights?.length ? meta.weights : [400, 700];
  const w = weights.reduce((a, b) => (Math.abs(b - weight) < Math.abs(a - weight) ? b : a));
  const s = style === 'italic' && meta && !meta.styles.includes('italic') ? 'normal' : style;
  const text = String.fromCodePoint(...(request?.codePoints ?? []));
  const more = kitSubsetsFor(text, meta);
  const files = await Promise.all(['latin', ...more].map(async (subset) => {
    const res = await fetch(`https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fontsource/${id}@5/files/${id}-${subset}-${w}-${s}.woff2`);
    if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`Fontsource has no ${family} ${w} ${s} ${subset}`);
    return decompressWoff2(new Uint8Array(await res.arrayBuffer()));
  }));
  return files.length === 1 ? files[0] : files;
}

/** A "Build the PDF" button; then "Open the PDF" (a new tab: CodePen's frame
 *  shows no PDFs) and a download link. */
function offerPdf(makePdf, filename) {
  viewer();
  const button = Object.assign(document.createElement('button'), { type: 'button', textContent: 'Build the PDF' });
  button.dataset.postextPdf = filename;
  button.addEventListener('click', async () => {
    button.disabled = true;
    button.textContent = 'Building the PDF…';
    try {
      const bytes = await makePdf();
      const url = URL.createObjectURL(new Blob([bytes], { type: 'application/pdf' }));
      const size = `${Math.max(1, Math.round(bytes.length / 1024))} KB`;
      button.replaceWith(
        Object.assign(document.createElement('a'), { href: url, target: '_blank', rel: 'noopener', textContent: 'Open the PDF ↗' }),
        Object.assign(document.createElement('a'), { href: url, download: filename, textContent: `Download ${filename} · ${size}` }));
    } catch (error) {
      button.disabled = false;
      button.textContent = 'Build the PDF';
      kitFail(error);
    }
  });
  document.getElementById('pt-actions').append(button);
}

// ─── /Kit ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
```

## Variações

### Ponha as notas no fim

Algumas revistas reúnem as notas depois do ensaio; as citações mantêm as formas completa e curta.

```diff
-  placement: 'column', numbering: 'chapter',
+  placement: 'chapterEnd', numbering: 'chapter',
```

### Volte a escrever Ibid. nas notas

A 17ª edição do estilo Chicago imprime *Ibid.* na nota que repete a obra anterior. Cole o arquivo `.csl` desse estilo, do repositório de estilos do Zotero, numa string e use-o como estilo próprio.

```diff
-  style: 'chicago-notes-bibliography', // CMOS 18th edition, notes and bibliography
+  style: 'custom', customStyle: CHICAGO_17TH_CSL, // the XML of the .csl file
```

## Erros comuns

- **Qualquer objeto headings desativa a quebra de página do H1.** Por padrão, um H1 salta para uma página ímpar (always-odd), mas passar qualquer objeto headings redefine esse padrão, então os capítulos ficam emendados e span: 'page' não faz nada. Declare de novo headings.levels[0].breakBefore: { enabled: true, parity } em toda configuração.
- **Carregue todas as fontes antes do layout.** O motor de layout mede o texto com as fontes que o navegador carregou e guarda as larguras em cache, então uma fonte que chega depois da primeira composição deixa quebras de linha erradas e um PDF que não corresponde mais à tela. Carregue antes todos os pesos e estilos e chame clearMeasurementCache() antes de recompor quando alguma chegar atrasada.
- **Uma paleta trocada não chega aos elementos de design nem à cor das referências.** postext 1.4.1 aplica colorPalette aos estilos de texto (corpo, títulos, listas, legendas, tabelas, boxes), mas não aos elementos de cabeçalhos, rodapés, aberturas e páginas de parte, nem a bodyText.referenceColor: eles mantêm o hex escrito ao lado do seu paletteId. Se você trocar a paleta, para uma edição de tela escura ou para mudar as cores, reescreva cada cor vinculada a partir de colorPalette antes de compor.
- **Só 8 idiomas têm hifenização, com o código exato.** A hifenização existe para en-us, es, fr, de, it, pt, ca e nl, com o código exato: 'es-ES' ou qualquer outro idioma passa sem aviso para o inglês americano.
- **A configuração fica em cache pela identidade: crie um objeto novo.** O motor guarda em cache as configurações resolvidas pela identidade do objeto, então alterar uma configuração no próprio objeto e compor de novo reaproveita o resultado antigo. Crie um objeto novo a cada composição; por isso a configuração de uma receita é uma função, config().

- Não termine com ponto final uma nota que acaba numa citação: o estilo já fecha a citação com um, e o Postext não junta os dois, então a nota terminaria com dois pontos finais.
- Num estilo de notas, `@howse1980` sem colchetes deixa na frase só o número da nota, *As ¹ says*, sem o nome do autor. Escreva você mesmo o nome e cite entre colchetes: `As Howse says,[@howse1980]`.

## Créditos

- Receita: Ignacio Ferro ([@drnachio](https://github.com/drnachio))
- Tipos: Crimson Pro (OFL-1.1), IBM Plex Sans Condensed (OFL-1.1)
- Código: MIT · Conteúdo de exemplo: CC-BY-4.0

## Relacionadas

- [Nº 099 · Um parecer jurídico citado em OSCOLA](https://postext.dev/pt/cookbook/legal-opinion-oscola.md): Um comentário de decisão de quatro páginas cujas citações [@robinson2018, para 21] viram notas OSCOLA: casos em itálico, citação neutra, ibid e (n 1). · Nível 2 (Intermediário) · Artigos e trabalhos acadêmicos
- [Nº 096 · Um ensaio de humanidades com obras citadas em MLA](https://postext.dev/pt/cookbook/mla-humanities-essay.md): Ensaio literário cujas citações [@key, 48] viram referências MLA 9 de autor e página, com citação em bloco e lista de obras citadas feita de dados CSL-YAML. · Nível 2 (Intermediário) · Artigos e trabalhos acadêmicos
- [Nº 098 · Uma coletânea com bibliografia em cada capítulo](https://postext.dev/pt/cookbook/edited-volume-chapter-bibliographies.md): Três ensaios de três autores, cada um num documento próprio em buildBundle e cada um fechado por uma lista Chicago autor-data só com as obras que cita. · Nível 3 (Avançado) · Artigos e trabalhos acadêmicos, Livros didáticos