Recipe number 81

Cookbook · Chapter 1 · Page & grid

Dates and acronyms upright in vertical text

Two founding documents of 1912 set vertically, bound on the right: two-digit numbers stand upright in one cell unaided, and :tcy and :upright mark the rest.

On this page
Output
Canvas · PDF
Postext
Tested with Postext 1.9.0
Needs ≥ 1.9.0 · postext-pdf ≥ 1.9.0
Licence
Updated 29 Sept 2026
Code MIT · Text CC BY 4.0

p. 一 · 1 of 7

Read this recipe as text →
  • Trim 184 × 260 mm
  • 1 column
  • Noto Serif TC 12/21
  • LXGW WenKai TC
  • Noto Sans TC
  • 7 pages
  • Level
  • Postext 1.9.0
  • Laid out in 12 ms
  • 180 lines of code

What you'll build

A seven-page reader of two founding texts of the Republic of China: Sun Wen's proclamation on taking office on 1 January 1912, and the first two chapters of the Provisional Constitution of 11 March. The pages are set vertically on a 184 × 260 mm page bound on the right. The documents keep their own Chinese numerals, 民國元年三月十一日. The headnotes and notes, in a Kai face, give dates of the Western calendar, counts and issue numbers in Arabic figures, and those figures are what the recipe sets: 10月10日 stands upright one number to a cell, 1912 and Sun Yat-sen are turned on their side, 民國115年 fits three digits into one cell and ROC stacks its letters. A vermilion cover inside a double rule, a vermilion band where each document opens and fore-edge heads with folios in Chinese numerals frame the text.

This recipe answers

  • How do I set dates and numbers upright inside vertical text?
  • How do I set a Chinese book vertically, bound on the right?
  • How do I set the type area in characters, so many to the line and so many lines to the page?

The short answer

script.js · lines 41–50in full code
const layout = { layoutType: 'single', writingMode: 'vertical-rl' }; // binding 'auto': right
const cjk = {
  // 10月10日: each number of up to two digits stands upright in one cell (tate-chu-yoko);
  // 1912 and Sun Yat-sen stay on their side, as clreq sets long numbers and Latin words.
  uprightDigits: 2,
  // The type area in characters: 44 down each line, 19 lines to the page.
  grid: { enabled: true, charsPerLine: CHARS, linesPerPage: 19 },
};
// By hand, in the Markdown: 民國:tcy[115]年 puts three digits in one cell, :upright[ROC]
// stands each letter of an acronym upright, :sideways[…] turns any run with the line.

Vertical text where numbers of one or two digits stand upright

Ingredients

Type
Noto Serif TC, Noto Sans TC, LXGW WenKai TC (SIL OFL 1.1)
Assets
None: every picture is drawn in code

Method

#1 · Let the setting take the short numbers

The code is the short answer above. With cjk.uprightDigits: 2 every run of one or two digits in vertical text stands upright in a cell of one em, the two digits side by side: 10月10日, 第35號 and 7章56條 need no markup. A longer number is set whole on its side, like a Latin word, which is how clreq sets numbers of four digits, so 1912 and 1644 read down the line turned a quarter. A three-digit number that should stand upright takes a mark: 民國:tcy[115]年 squeezes 115 into the em. :upright[ROC] stands each letter in a cell of its own, one under the other, and the line never breaks inside it (numbers in vertical text).

Page 4, the notes: 10月10日 and 2月12日 upright, 1911 and Sun Yat-sen on their side, 268 and 115 squeezed by :tcy, ROC stacked by :upright.

The texts of 1912 stay as printed. The editor's notes follow Taiwan's rules for numbers, the Executive Yuan's 公文書橫式書寫數字使用原則 of 2004: dates, serial numbers and counts take Arabic figures (1912年3月8日, 第35號, 7章56條), while proper names, set phrases and round figures keep Chinese numerals (東三省, 四萬萬, 四億), and so does the lunar date, 辛亥年八月十九日. Where a note quotes a heading or a term of the documents it keeps their form, 第一章 and 二十二行省. Those rules were written for horizontal documents; set vertically, their figures are the ones the recipe has to stand upright.

#2 · Open each document with a band on the right

script.js · lines 54–78in full code
// The margins are minimums: the grid centres the 44 characters (186.3 mm) between them,
// so the type area starts HEAD mm down the sheet. The band's title starts there too.
const HEAD = MARGIN.top + (TRIM.h - MARGIN.top - MARGIN.bottom - LINE) / 2;
const BAND = 42; // mm from the right trim edge: where a reader of vertical text starts
const onBand = { color: col('paper'), overflow: 'wrap' };
// In the flow of a vertical page x runs down the sheet and y leftward from its right edge.
const at = (x, y, extra = {}) => ({ anchor: { to: 'page', edge: 'top-left' },
  offset: { x: mm(x), y: mm(y) }, ...extra });
const opener = {
  enabled: true,
  minHeight: mm(BAND - 15), // past the side margin (21.6 mm), 6 mm of paper before the text
  slot: { elements: [
    { kind: 'box', id: 'band', style: { backgroundColor: col('seal') },
      placement: { anchor: { to: 'bleed', edge: 'top-left' }, size: { height: mm(BAND) } } },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'title', content: '{titleText}', ...onBand, fontFamily: HEI,
      fontWeight: 700, fontSize: pt(34), lineHeight: 1.2, letterSpacing: pt(4), align: 'left',
      placement: at(HEAD, 8) },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'latin', content: '{attr.latin}', ...onBand, fontFamily: HEI,
      fontSize: pt(9), lineHeight: 1.6, align: 'left', placement: at(HEAD, 25) },
    // The date ends where the lines of text end: align 'right' is the foot of a vertical line.
    { kind: 'text', id: 'date', content: '{attr.date}', ...onBand, fontFamily: HEI,
      fontWeight: 500, fontSize: pt(13), lineHeight: 1.2, align: 'right',
      placement: at(HEAD, 24, { size: { width: mm(LINE) } }) },
  ] },
};

In a vertical flow the top of the page is the sheet's right edge, where reading starts. A heading design anchored to the top of the bleed is therefore a band down the right edge, and its size.height is its width on the sheet. Offsets turn with the flow: x measures down the sheet, y leftward. The grid centres the type area between the margins, and HEAD repeats that sum, so the title starts level with the first character of every line. align: 'right' puts the date at the foot of its line, where the lines of text end, and cjk.uprightDigits reaches the design's text too: the 11 of 3月11日 stands in one cell, as in the body. The band is the one of Chapter opener on a full-bleed band, turned a quarter.

A heading design has no parity, so the band always runs down the sheet's right edge. On page 2, a right-hand page, that edge is the fore-edge; on page 5, a left-hand page of a book bound on the right, it is the spine, and the title starts 8 mm from the fold, inside the 21.6 mm inner margin. A stapled reader opens flat enough for that. For a sewn or glued book, open each document on a right-hand page with breakBefore.parity: 'even', which leaves page 5 blank.

Page 2: the title from the head of the type area, the date at the foot of the band, 10 of 晚上10時 and 29 of 同月29日 upright in the headnote.

#3 · Put the running heads on the fore-edge

script.js · lines 82–90in full code
const foreEdge = (id, content, edge, y) => ({
  kind: 'text', id, content, writingMode: 'vertical-rl', pages: 'body', align: 'left',
  fontFamily: HEI, fontSize: pt(9.6), color: col('muted'), overflow: 'clip',
  placement: { anchor: { to: 'outer', edge }, offset: { y: em(y) } },
});
const header = { elements: [
  foreEdge('head', '{chapterTitle}', 'top', 4), // four characters below the type area
  foreEdge('folio', '{pageNumber}', 'bottom', -5), // ends five characters above its foot
] };

anchor.to: 'outer' is the margin away from the spine, so in a book bound on the right the heads run down the left edge of a recto and the right edge of a verso. The title stands four characters below the head of the type area and the folio ends five above its foot, both set vertically at 80 % of the body size (vertical text elements). pageNumbering.format: 'trad-chinese-informal' prints the folios 三, 四, 六 and 七, and pages: 'body' keeps them off the two openers.

#4 · Bleed the cover from a page-wide design

script.js · lines 94–119in full code
const frame = (id, inset, width) => ({ kind: 'box', id,
  style: { borderColor: col('tint'), borderWidth: pt(width) },
  placement: at(inset, inset, { size: { width: mm(TRIM.h - 2 * inset),
    height: mm(TRIM.w - 2 * inset) } }) });
const coverLine = (id, content, y, align) => ({ kind: 'text', id, content, ...onBand,
  fontFamily: HEI, fontWeight: 500, fontSize: pt(18), lineHeight: 1.2, align,
  placement: at(HEAD, y, { size: { width: mm(LINE) } }) });
const cover = {
  id: 'cover', numbered: false, toc: false, runningChapter: false,
  span: 'page', // a page-wide design is not cut at the foot of the column: the field bleeds
  header: { elements: [] }, footer: { elements: [] },
  advancedDesign: { enabled: true, slot: { elements: [
    { kind: 'box', id: 'field', style: { backgroundColor: col('seal') },
      placement: { anchor: { to: 'bleed', edge: 'top-left' }, size: { height: mm(TRIM.w) } } },
    frame('rule-outer', 11, 1.6), frame('rule-inner', 13, 0.5), // 文武線: thick, then thin
    { kind: 'text', id: 'title', content: '{titleText}', ...onBand, fontFamily: HEI,
      fontWeight: 700, fontSize: pt(56), lineHeight: 1.1, letterSpacing: pt(5.6), align: 'left',
      placement: at(HEAD, 26) },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'latin', content: '{attr.latin}', ...onBand, fontFamily: HEI,
      fontSize: pt(11), lineHeight: 1.4, align: 'left', placement: at(HEAD, 51) },
    coverLine('first', '臨時大總統宣言書', 104, 'left'),
    coverLine('first-date', '1912年1月1日', 104, 'right'),
    coverLine('second', '中華民國臨時約法', 118, 'left'),
    coverLine('second-date', '1912年3月11日', 118, 'right'),
  ] } },
};

A heading design in a column is cut at the foot of the column, and on a vertical page that foot is the left margin: a field anchored to the bleed stopped 21.6 mm short of the left trim edge. With span: 'page' the heading is laid out as a page band, which is not cut, and the field reaches both edges. The two frames draw the thick-and-thin double rule of Chinese printed books, 1.6 pt and 0.5 pt, 2 mm apart.

#5 · Load each voice with the text it sets

script.js · lines 317–322in full code
const voice = (styles) => (markdown.match(
  new RegExp(`:::paragraphs\\{style="(?:${styles})"\\}[\\s\\S]*?:::`, 'g')) ?? []).join('');
const kaiText = voice('headnote|note');
// Hei: headings and their attributes, seals, colophon, the cover's lines, folios 一 to 十.
const heiText = (markdown.match(/^#.*$/gm) ?? []).join('') + voice('seal|colophon')
  + '臨時大總統宣言書1912年1月1日中華民國臨時約法1912年3月11日一二三四五六七八九十';

Fontsource serves each weight of these faces as about a hundred files, each covering a range of characters, and loadCjkFonts loads the files that a text touches. Given only the headings, seal notices, colophon, cover lines and folios, each weight of Noto Sans TC loads 10 files; given the whole sample, it would load 35, and there are three weights. LXGW WenKai TC gets the headnotes and notes and loads 16. A face given too little text fails the capture (C12) and names the characters it had to borrow from a fallback face.

The whole recipe

Sandbox
// ═══ Postext Cookbook · Nº 081 · Dates and acronyms upright in vertical text ═══════
// https://postext.dev/en/cookbook/chinese-dates-upright
// Code: MIT · Text: 1912 documents, zh.wikisource (CC BY-SA 4.0); notes (CC BY 4.0)
// Fonts: Noto Serif TC, Noto Sans TC, LXGW WenKai TC (SIL OFL 1.1) · Needs postext ≥ 1.9.0
// Two founding documents of the Republic of China, 1912, set vertically as a reader.
import {
  buildDocument, renderPageToCanvas, clearMeasurementCache, loadVerticalAlternates,
} from 'https://esm.sh/postext';
import { renderToPdf, decompressWoff2 } from 'https://esm.sh/postext-pdf';

const LANG = 'en'; // @lang: the language of the sample document ('en' | 'es')
const RECIPE = 'chinese-dates-upright';

// ─── 1 · Design ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// #region palette: ink, the vermilion of a seal, and the paper of a gazette
const palette = {
  ink: '#1e1a17', // text: a warm near-black
  seal: '#b1291f', // the one accent: the bands, the seal notes, the chapter heads
  tint: '#f6dccf', // the cover's double rule, a pale vermilion
  muted: '#6d645b', // fore-edge heads, the colophon
  paper: '#fffdf8',
};
const col = (id) => ({ hex: palette[id], model: 'hex', paletteId: id });
const colorPalette = [
  ...Object.entries(palette).map(([id, hex]) => ({ id, name: id, value: { hex, model: 'hex' } })),
  { id: 'main-color', name: 'seal (defaults)', value: { hex: palette.seal, model: 'hex' } },
];
// #endregion

const SONG = 'Noto Serif TC'; // 宋/明: the documents
const HEI = 'Noto Sans TC'; // 黑: titles, heads, labels
const KAI = 'LXGW WenKai TC'; // 楷: the editor's headnotes and notes
const BODY = 12; // pt, 小四
const LEAD = 21; // pt: a line gap of 0.75 em
const CHARS = 44; // characters to a line
const LINE = (CHARS * BODY * 25.4) / 72; // mm: the length of a line, 186.3
const TRIM = { w: 184, h: 260 }; // mm, 16开
const MARGIN = { top: 30, bottom: 22, side: 20 }; // mm, minimums: 天头 deeper than 地脚

// #region answer: vertical text where numbers of one or two digits stand upright
const layout = { layoutType: 'single', writingMode: 'vertical-rl' }; // binding 'auto': right
const cjk = {
  // 10月10日: each number of up to two digits stands upright in one cell (tate-chu-yoko);
  // 1912 and Sun Yat-sen stay on their side, as clreq sets long numbers and Latin words.
  uprightDigits: 2,
  // The type area in characters: 44 down each line, 19 lines to the page.
  grid: { enabled: true, charsPerLine: CHARS, linesPerPage: 19 },
};
// By hand, in the Markdown: 民國:tcy[115]年 puts three digits in one cell, :upright[ROC]
// stands each letter of an acronym upright, :sideways[…] turns any run with the line.
// #endregion

// #region opener: a vermilion band down the right edge, where each document begins
// The margins are minimums: the grid centres the 44 characters (186.3 mm) between them,
// so the type area starts HEAD mm down the sheet. The band's title starts there too.
const HEAD = MARGIN.top + (TRIM.h - MARGIN.top - MARGIN.bottom - LINE) / 2;
const BAND = 42; // mm from the right trim edge: where a reader of vertical text starts
const onBand = { color: col('paper'), overflow: 'wrap' };
// In the flow of a vertical page x runs down the sheet and y leftward from its right edge.
const at = (x, y, extra = {}) => ({ anchor: { to: 'page', edge: 'top-left' },
  offset: { x: mm(x), y: mm(y) }, ...extra });
const opener = {
  enabled: true,
  minHeight: mm(BAND - 15), // past the side margin (21.6 mm), 6 mm of paper before the text
  slot: { elements: [
    { kind: 'box', id: 'band', style: { backgroundColor: col('seal') },
      placement: { anchor: { to: 'bleed', edge: 'top-left' }, size: { height: mm(BAND) } } },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'title', content: '{titleText}', ...onBand, fontFamily: HEI,
      fontWeight: 700, fontSize: pt(34), lineHeight: 1.2, letterSpacing: pt(4), align: 'left',
      placement: at(HEAD, 8) },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'latin', content: '{attr.latin}', ...onBand, fontFamily: HEI,
      fontSize: pt(9), lineHeight: 1.6, align: 'left', placement: at(HEAD, 25) },
    // The date ends where the lines of text end: align 'right' is the foot of a vertical line.
    { kind: 'text', id: 'date', content: '{attr.date}', ...onBand, fontFamily: HEI,
      fontWeight: 500, fontSize: pt(13), lineHeight: 1.2, align: 'right',
      placement: at(HEAD, 24, { size: { width: mm(LINE) } }) },
  ] },
};
// #endregion

// #region heads: fore-edge heads, the folio in Chinese numerals
const foreEdge = (id, content, edge, y) => ({
  kind: 'text', id, content, writingMode: 'vertical-rl', pages: 'body', align: 'left',
  fontFamily: HEI, fontSize: pt(9.6), color: col('muted'), overflow: 'clip',
  placement: { anchor: { to: 'outer', edge }, offset: { y: em(y) } },
});
const header = { elements: [
  foreEdge('head', '{chapterTitle}', 'top', 4), // four characters below the type area
  foreEdge('folio', '{pageNumber}', 'bottom', -5), // ends five characters above its foot
] };
// #endregion

// #region cover: the title page, a vermilion field inside a double rule
const frame = (id, inset, width) => ({ kind: 'box', id,
  style: { borderColor: col('tint'), borderWidth: pt(width) },
  placement: at(inset, inset, { size: { width: mm(TRIM.h - 2 * inset),
    height: mm(TRIM.w - 2 * inset) } }) });
const coverLine = (id, content, y, align) => ({ kind: 'text', id, content, ...onBand,
  fontFamily: HEI, fontWeight: 500, fontSize: pt(18), lineHeight: 1.2, align,
  placement: at(HEAD, y, { size: { width: mm(LINE) } }) });
const cover = {
  id: 'cover', numbered: false, toc: false, runningChapter: false,
  span: 'page', // a page-wide design is not cut at the foot of the column: the field bleeds
  header: { elements: [] }, footer: { elements: [] },
  advancedDesign: { enabled: true, slot: { elements: [
    { kind: 'box', id: 'field', style: { backgroundColor: col('seal') },
      placement: { anchor: { to: 'bleed', edge: 'top-left' }, size: { height: mm(TRIM.w) } } },
    frame('rule-outer', 11, 1.6), frame('rule-inner', 13, 0.5), // 文武線: thick, then thin
    { kind: 'text', id: 'title', content: '{titleText}', ...onBand, fontFamily: HEI,
      fontWeight: 700, fontSize: pt(56), lineHeight: 1.1, letterSpacing: pt(5.6), align: 'left',
      placement: at(HEAD, 26) },
    { kind: 'text', id: 'latin', content: '{attr.latin}', ...onBand, fontFamily: HEI,
      fontSize: pt(11), lineHeight: 1.4, align: 'left', placement: at(HEAD, 51) },
    coverLine('first', '臨時大總統宣言書', 104, 'left'),
    coverLine('first-date', '1912年1月1日', 104, 'right'),
    coverLine('second', '中華民國臨時約法', 118, 'left'),
    coverLine('second-date', '1912年3月11日', 118, 'right'),
  ] } },
};
// #endregion

const config = () => ({ // a factory: the engine caches resolved configs per object
  locale: 'zh-Hant', // Taiwan conventions: centred punctuation (gotcha: cjk-locale-tag)
  colorPalette,
  page: {
    sizePreset: 'custom', width: mm(TRIM.w), height: mm(TRIM.h), dpi: 150,
    backgroundColor: col('paper'),
    margins: { top: mm(MARGIN.top), bottom: mm(MARGIN.bottom), left: mm(MARGIN.side),
      right: mm(MARGIN.side), mirror: true },
    pageNumbering: { format: 'trad-chinese-informal' }, // 一, 二, 三…
  },
  layout,
  cjk,
  bodyText: {
    fontFamily: SONG, fontSize: pt(BODY), lineHeight: pt(LEAD), color: col('ink'),
    boldColor: col('ink'), italicColor: col('ink'), referenceColor: col('ink'),
    textAlign: 'justify', firstLineIndent: em(2), indentAfterHeading: true,
  },
  headings: {
    fontFamily: HEI, color: col('seal'), fontWeight: 700,
    levels: [
      // Restated: any headings object drops the H1 break (gotcha: headings-drop-h1-break).
      { level: 1, breakBefore: { enabled: true, parity: 'any' }, advancedDesign: opener },
      { level: 2, fontSize: pt(BODY), lineHeight: pt(LEAD), marginTop: pt(LEAD),
        marginBottom: pt(0) },
    ],
  },
  headingStyles: [cover],
  paragraphStyles: [
    // 低二格: the editor's Kai, two body cells lower (pt: the Kai's own em is off the grid).
    { id: 'headnote', fontFamily: KAI, fontSize: pt(10.5), lineHeight: pt(LEAD), color: col('ink'),
      indent: pt(2 * BODY), firstLineIndent: pt(2 * BODY), marginBottom: pt(LEAD) },
    { id: 'note', fontFamily: KAI, fontSize: pt(10.5), lineHeight: pt(LEAD),
      color: col('ink'), firstLineIndent: pt(0), hangingIndent: em(1) },
    { id: 'order', firstLineIndent: em(2), marginTop: pt(0) },
    { id: 'dateline', textAlign: 'left', indent: em(12), firstLineIndent: pt(0) },
    // The seal notice starts 22 cells down, a cell past the end of 大中華民國元年元旦.
    { id: 'seal', fontFamily: HEI, fontSize: pt(10.5), color: col('seal'), textAlign: 'left',
      indent: pt(22 * BODY), firstLineIndent: pt(0) },
    { id: 'article', firstLineIndent: pt(0), hangingIndent: em(2) },
    { id: 'item', indent: em(2), firstLineIndent: pt(0), hangingIndent: em(2) },
    { id: 'colophon', fontFamily: HEI, fontSize: pt(7.5), lineHeight: pt(LEAD),
      color: col('muted'), textAlign: 'left', firstLineIndent: pt(0), marginTop: pt(LEAD) },
  ],
  header,
  footer: { elements: [] },
});

// ─── 2 · Content ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
const markdown = String.raw`---

Markdown sample · 139 lines · content.en.mdtitle: "民國元年文告二種"
author: "孫文　臨時參議院"
---

# 民國元年文告二種 {style="cover" latin="Two founding documents of 1912"}

# 臨時大總統宣言書 {date="1912年1月1日" latin="Proclamation of the Provisional President"}

:::paragraphs{style="headnote"}
1912年1月1日晚上10時，孫文在南京就任中華民國臨時大總統，宣誓受印之後，以這篇宣言書布告國民。同月29日《臨時政府公報》創刊，第1號第3至6頁刊出全文，題作〈臨時大總統宣言書〉，字句略異。本篇據廣州市博物館藏原件排印；原件沒有標點，也不分段，標點與分段從維基文庫整理本。
:::

中華民國締造之始，而文以不德，膺臨時大總統之任，夙夜戒懼，慮無以副國民之望。夫中國專制政治之毒，至二百餘年來而滋甚，一旦以國民之力踣而去之，起事不過數旬，光復已十餘行省，自有歷史以來成功未有如是之速也。國民以為於內無統一之機關，於外無對待之主體，建設之事更不容緩，於是以組織臨時政府之責相屬。自推功讓能之觀念以言，文所不敢任也；自服務盡責之觀念以言，則文所不敢辭也。是用黽勉從國民之後，能盡掃專制之流毒，確定共和，以達革命之宗旨，完國民之志願，端在今日。敢披瀝肝膽，為國民告：

國家之本，在於人民。合漢、滿、蒙、回、藏諸地為一國，即合漢、滿、蒙、回、藏諸族為一人。——是曰民族之統一。

武漢首義，十數行省先後獨立。所謂獨立，對於清廷為脫離，對於各省為聯合。蒙古、西藏，意亦同此。行動既一，決無歧趨，樞機成於中央，斯經緯周於四至。——是曰領土之統一。

血鐘一鳴，義旗四起，擁甲帶戈之士遍於十餘行省。雖編製或不一，號令或不齊，而目的所在則無不同。由共同之目的，以為共同之行動，整齊劃一，夫豈其難？——是曰軍政之統一。

國家幅員遼闊，各省自有其風氣所宜。前此清廷強以中央集權之法行之，遂其偽立憲之術；今者各省聯合，互謀自治，此後行政，期於中央政府與各省之關係調劑得宜。大綱既挈，條目自舉。——是曰內治之統一。

滿清時代，借立憲之名，行斂財之實，雜捐苛細，民不聊生。此後國家經費，取給於民，必期合於理財學理，而尤在改良社會經濟組織，使人民知有生之樂。——是曰財政之統一。

以上數者，為政務之方針，持此進行，庶無大過。

若夫革命主義，為吾儕所昌言，萬國所同喻，前此雖屢起屢躓，外人無不鑒其用心。八月以來，義旗飆發，諸友邦對之抱和平之望、持中立之態，而報紙及輿論尤每表其同情。鄰誼之篤，良足深謝。臨時政府成立以後，當盡文明國應盡之義務，以期享文明國應享之權利。滿清時代辱國之舉措與排外之心理，務一洗而去之。與我友邦益增睦誼，持和平主義，將使中國見重於國際社會，且將使世界漸趨於大同。循序以進，不為幸獲。對外方針，實在於是。

夫民國新建，外交內政百緒繁生，文自顧何人，而克勝此？然而臨時之政府，革命時代之政府也。十餘年來從事於革命者，皆以誠摯純潔之精神戰勝所遇之艱難。即使後此之艱難遠逾於前日，而吾人惟保此革命之精神，一往而莫之能阻，必使中華民國之基礎確定於大地，然後臨時政府之職務始盡，而吾人始可告無罪於國民也。今以與我國民初相見之日，披布腹心，惟我四萬萬之同胞共鑒之。

:::paragraphs{style="dateline"}
大中華民國元年元旦
:::

:::paragraphs{style="seal"}
（中華民國臨時大總統印）
:::

## 注釋

:::paragraphs{style="note"}
【中華民國】1912年1月1日建立。英文國號作 Republic of China，縮寫:upright[ROC]。

【文以不德】文，孫文自稱其名；不德，自謙德行不足。孫文號逸仙，西文拼作 Sun Yat-sen（1866—1925）。

【二百餘年】指清朝的統治。清兵1644年入關，至1912年2月12日宣統帝退位，凡:tcy[268]年。

【八月以來】辛亥年八月十九日（1911年10月10日）武昌起義以來。

【四萬萬之同胞】四萬萬，四億。當時以此通稱全國人口。

【大中華民國元年元旦】1912年1月1日，夏曆辛亥年十一月十三日。民國紀年由此日起算，當年稱民國元年。公元2026年是民國:tcy[115]年。
:::

# 中華民國臨時約法 {date="1912年3月11日" latin="Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China"}

:::paragraphs{style="headnote"}
1912年3月8日，南京臨時參議院議決《中華民國臨時約法》；3月11日，臨時大總統孫文公布施行，全文刊於《臨時政府公報》第35號。約法凡7章56條，本篇錄第一章〈總綱〉與第二章〈人民〉，共15條，前冠公布令。原文的「爲」「靑」「敎」「决」，本篇改用通行字形。
:::

:::paragraphs{style="order"}
玆准參議院咨送議決臨時約法前來，合行公布。
:::

:::paragraphs{style="seal"}
孫文印
:::

:::paragraphs{style="dateline"}
中華民國元年三月十一日
:::

## 第一章　總綱

:::paragraphs{style="article"}
第一條　中華民國由中華人民組織之。

第二條　中華民國之主權屬於國民全體。

第三條　中華民國領土，為二十二行省、內外蒙古、西藏、青海。

第四條　中華民國以參議院、臨時大總統、國務院、法院行使其統治權。
:::

## 第二章　人民

:::paragraphs{style="article"}
第五條　中華民國人民一律平等，無種族、階級、宗教之區別。

第六條　人民得享有左列各項之自由權：
:::

:::paragraphs{style="item"}
一、人民之身體，非依法律不得逮捕、拘禁、審問、處罰。

二、人民之家宅，非依法律不得侵入或搜索。

三、人民有保有財產及營業之自由。

四、人民有言論、著作、刊行及集會結社之自由。

五、人民有書信秘密之自由。

六、人民有居住遷徙之自由。

七、人民有信教之自由。
:::

:::paragraphs{style="article"}
第七條　人民有請願於議會之權。

第八條　人民有陳訴於行政官署之權。

第九條　人民有訴訟於法院受其審判之權。

第十條　人民對於官吏違法損害權利之行為，有陳訴於平政院之權。

第十一條　人民有應任官考試之權。

第十二條　人民有選舉及被選舉之權。

第十三條　人民依法律有納稅之義務。

第十四條　人民依法律有服兵之義務。

第十五條　本章所載人民之權利，有認為增進公益、維持治安或非常緊急必要時，得依法律限制之。
:::

## 注釋

:::paragraphs{style="note"}
【參議院】臨時參議院，1912年1月28日在南京開院，參議員由各省都督府選派，每省至多3人。

【二十二行省】清末本部十八省，加上東三省與新疆，合稱二十二行省。
:::

:::paragraphs{style="colophon"}
Set in Noto Serif TC, Noto Sans TC and LXGW WenKai TC (SIL OFL) · Texts: zh.wikisource, CC BY-SA 4.0 · Headnotes and notes: CC BY 4.0
:::

`; // content.<lang>.md, inlined by the Cookbook

// ─── 3 · Fonts ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Every face the pages paint; the Chinese ones by files (gotcha: cjk-fonts-slices).
const FONTS = { 'Noto Serif TC': ['400'], 'Noto Sans TC': ['400', '500', '700'],
  'LXGW WenKai TC': ['400'] };
// #region voices: each Chinese face loads the files for the text it sets
const voice = (styles) => (markdown.match(
  new RegExp(`:::paragraphs\\{style="(?:${styles})"\\}[\\s\\S]*?:::`, 'g')) ?? []).join('');
const kaiText = voice('headnote|note');
// Hei: headings and their attributes, seals, colophon, the cover's lines, folios 一 to 十.
const heiText = (markdown.match(/^#.*$/gm) ?? []).join('') + voice('seal|colophon')
  + '臨時大總統宣言書1912年1月1日中華民國臨時約法1912年3月11日一二三四五六七八九十';
// #endregion

// ─── 4 · Build & show ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
await loadFonts(FONTS, markdown);
await loadCjkFonts({ [SONG]: FONTS[SONG] }, markdown, { vertical: true });
await loadCjkFonts({ [HEI]: FONTS[HEI] }, heiText, { vertical: true });
await loadCjkFonts({ [KAI]: FONTS[KAI] }, kaiText, { vertical: true });
const doc = await buildWithFonts(() => buildDocument({ markdown }, config()), markdown);
showBook(doc, { title: t({ en: 'Two documents of 1912', es: 'Dos documentos de 1912' }) });
offerPdf(() => renderToPdf(doc, { fontProvider: cjkPdfProvider }), `${RECIPE}.pdf`);


Kit · core, fonts, viewer, pdf, cjk: the same in every recipe · 422 lines// ─── Kit ── helpers shared by every Cookbook recipe · postext.dev/cookbook ─────

// ─── Kit · core v1 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook ─────────
function mm(value) { return { value, unit: 'mm' }; }
function pt(value) { return { value, unit: 'pt' }; }
function em(value) { return { value, unit: 'em' }; }
/** The sample language's string: t({ en: 'Figure', es: 'Figura' }). */
function t(strings) { return strings[LANG] ?? Object.values(strings)[0]; }
/** A file in this recipe's assets folder, served from the Postext repo by jsDelivr. */
function asset(file) { return `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/drnachio/postext@main/cookbook/${RECIPE}/assets/${file}`; }

// ─── Kit · fonts v1 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook ────────
// Postext measures text with the faces the browser has loaded, and caches the
// widths, so every face must be ready before the first build. Faces come from
// Fontsource: the same static files the PDF embeds, so screen and PDF agree.

/** faces = { 'Family Name': ['400', '400i', '700'] }. `text` is the sample:
 *  letters beyond Latin-1 (č, ł, ő…) also load the latin-ext files. With
 *  `optional`, a face Fontsource does not ship is skipped instead of failing.
 *  Resolves to the number of faces added. */
async function loadFonts(faces, text = '', { optional = false } = {}) {
  kitStatus('Loading fonts…');
  const ranges = {
    latin: 'U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,'
      + 'U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD',
    'latin-ext': 'U+0100-02BA,U+02BD-02C5,U+02C7-02CC,U+02CE-02D7,U+02DD-02FF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,'
      + 'U+1D00-1DBF,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20C0,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF',
  };
  const subsets = /[Ā-˿Ḁ-ỿ]/.test(text) ? ['latin', 'latin-ext'] : ['latin'];
  const jobs = [];
  let added = 0;
  for (const [family, specs] of Object.entries(faces)) {
    const id = fontsourceId(family);
    const meta = optional ? await fontsourceMeta(family) : null;
    for (const spec of new Set(specs)) {
      const weight = parseInt(spec, 10);
      const style = spec.endsWith('i') ? 'italic' : 'normal';
      if (hasFace(family, weight, style)) continue;
      if (optional && !(meta?.weights.includes(weight) && meta.styles.includes(style))) continue;
      for (const subset of subsets) {
        const url = `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fontsource/${id}@5/files/${id}-${subset}-${weight}-${style}.woff2`;
        const face = new FontFace(family, `url(${url}) format('woff2')`,
          { weight: String(weight), style, unicodeRange: ranges[subset] });
        jobs.push(face.load().then((ready) => { document.fonts.add(ready); added++; }, () => {
          if (subset === 'latin' && !optional) throw new Error(`Fontsource has no ${family} ${weight} ${style}`);
        }));
      }
    }
  }
  await Promise.all(jobs).catch((error) => { kitFail(error); throw error; });
  return added;
}

/** Runs `build` (a buildDocument or buildBundle call) and checks the faces
 *  the pages use. A regular face missing from FONTS is loaded with a warning;
 *  bold and italic variants are loaded when the family ships them. Then the
 *  measurement caches are cleared and the build runs again. */
async function buildWithFonts(build, text = '') {
  const tried = new Set();
  for (let round = 0; round < 3; round++) {
    kitStatus('Laying out…');
    await new Promise(requestAnimationFrame);          // let the status paint first
    const result = await Promise.resolve().then(build).catch((error) => { kitFail(error); throw error; });
    const wanted = { base: {}, variants: {} };
    for (const { font, base } of [result].flat().flatMap(fontStringsOf)) {
      const { family, weight, style } = parseFont(font);
      const key = `${family}|${weight}|${style}`;
      if (tried.has(key) || hasFace(family, weight, style)) continue;
      tried.add(key);
      (wanted[base ? 'base' : 'variants'][family] ??= []).push(`${weight}${style === 'italic' ? 'i' : ''}`);
    }
    if (Object.keys(wanted.base).length) {
      console.warn(`[cookbook] FONTS does not list ${JSON.stringify(wanted.base)}: loading them.`);
    }
    const added = await loadFonts(wanted.base, text) + await loadFonts(wanted.variants, text, { optional: true });
    if (added === 0) return result;
    clearMeasurementCache();
  }
  throw new Error('The fonts did not settle after three builds.');
}

/** Every font string of the layout. `base` marks a block's own face; its
 *  bold, italic and bold-italic variants are listed whether or not used. */
function fontStringsOf(doc) {
  const found = new Map();
  const walk = (node) => {
    if (!node || typeof node !== 'object') return;
    if (Array.isArray(node)) { node.forEach(walk); return; }
    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(node)) {
      if (typeof value === 'string' && /fontString$/i.test(key)) {
        found.set(value, found.get(value) || key === 'fontString');
      } else if (value && typeof value === 'object') walk(value);
    }
  };
  walk(doc.pages);
  walk(doc.blocks);
  return [...found].map(([font, base]) => ({ font, base }));
}

/** '700 37.5px Open Sans' / 'italic 400 13px "Source Serif 4"' → { family, weight, style }.
 *  A string with no weight ('95.8px Young Serif', from a design text) is 400. */
function parseFont(font) {
  const m = /^(?:(italic|oblique)\s+)?(?:small-caps\s+)?(?:(\d+|bold|normal)\s+)?[\d.]+px\s+(.+)$/.exec(font.trim());
  if (!m) throw new Error(`Unexpected font string: ${font}`);
  const weight = m[2] === 'bold' ? 700 : !m[2] || m[2] === 'normal' ? 400 : Number(m[2]);
  return { family: m[3].replace(/^["']|["']$/g, ''), weight, style: m[1] ? 'italic' : 'normal' };
}

/** True when a loaded FontFace covers exactly this family, weight and style
 *  (document.fonts.check() is also true for families nobody declared). */
function hasFace(family, weight, style) {
  for (const face of document.fonts) {
    if (face.status !== 'loaded' || face.style !== style) continue;
    if (face.family.replace(/^["']|["']$/g, '') !== family) continue;
    const [low, high = low] = face.weight.split(' ').map(Number);
    if (weight >= low && weight <= high) return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/** Fontsource's id for a family: 'Source Serif 4' → 'source-serif-4'. */
function fontsourceId(family) { return family.toLowerCase().replace(/\s+/g, '-'); }

/** The weights and styles a family ships ({ weights: [400, 700], styles: ['normal', 'italic'] }), or null. */
function fontsourceMeta(family) {
  fontsourceMeta.cache ??= new Map();
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  if (!fontsourceMeta.cache.has(id)) {
    fontsourceMeta.cache.set(id, fetch(`https://api.fontsource.org/v1/fonts/${id}`)
      .then((res) => (res.ok ? res.json() : null), () => null));
  }
  return fontsourceMeta.cache.get(id);
}

// ─── Kit · viewer v1 ── the same in every recipe · postext.dev/cookbook ───────
/** Shows the pages as facing spreads on a dark desk: the first page is a
 *  recto on its own, then verso | recto pairs, as in a bound book. Pages
 *  are painted when they scroll near the screen. */
function showPages(docs, { title, width = 460 } = {}) {
  const root = viewer(title);
  const pages = [docs].flat().flatMap((doc) =>
    doc.pages.map((page) => ({ doc, page, n: (doc.pageIndexOffset ?? 0) + page.index })));
  const spreads = [];
  let verso = null;
  for (const p of pages) {
    if (p.n % 2 === 1) { if (verso) spreads.push([verso, null]); verso = p; }
    else { spreads.push([verso, p]); verso = null; }
  }
  if (verso) spreads.push([verso, null]);
  const density = Math.min(window.devicePixelRatio || 1, 2);
  showPages.painter?.disconnect();
  const painter = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => {
    for (const { isIntersecting, target } of entries) {
      if (!isIntersecting) continue;
      painter.unobserve(target);
      const { doc, page } = target.postext;
      renderPageToCanvas(page, doc, target, { scale: (width * density) / page.width });
    }
  }, { rootMargin: '800px' });
  showPages.painter = painter;
  root.replaceChildren(...spreads.map((pair) => {
    const spread = document.createElement('div');
    spread.className = 'pt-spread';
    for (const p of pair) {
      const figure = document.createElement('figure');
      if (p) {
        const label = p.page.pageLabel || String(p.n + 1);
        const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
        canvas.postext = p;
        canvas.style.aspectRatio = `${p.page.width} / ${p.page.height}`;
        canvas.setAttribute('role', 'img');
        canvas.setAttribute('aria-label', `Page ${label}`);
        const folio = document.createElement('figcaption');
        folio.textContent = label;
        figure.append(canvas, folio);
        painter.observe(canvas);
      } else figure.className = 'pt-blank';
      spread.append(figure);
    }
    return spread;
  }));
  kitStatus(`${pages.length} ${pages.length === 1 ? 'page' : 'pages'}`);
  document.documentElement.dataset.postext = 'ready';
  return pages.length;
}

/** The desk, the bar and the error reporting, created once. */
function viewer(title) {
  if (!document.getElementById('pt-kit')) {
    document.head.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', `<style id="pt-kit">
      :root { color-scheme: dark; }
      body { margin: 0; background: #0e1014; color: #b9bcc4; font: 13px/1.45 system-ui, sans-serif; }
      #pt-bar { position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 1; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center;
        gap: 6px 16px; padding: 10px 16px; background: rgb(14 16 20 / .92); backdrop-filter: blur(6px);
        border-bottom: 1px solid #23262d; }
      #pt-bar strong { color: #f4f1ea; font-weight: 600; }
      #pt-actions { display: flex; gap: 12px; margin-left: auto; }
      #pt-actions a, #pt-actions button { color: #d8a21a; font: inherit; background: none; border: 0; padding: 0; cursor: pointer; }
      #pages { display: grid; justify-items: center; gap: 48px; padding: 32px 16px 72px; }
      .pt-spread { display: flex; }
      .pt-spread figure { margin: 0; width: min(460px, 44vw); }
      .pt-spread canvas { display: block; width: 100%; background: #fff;
        box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / .5), 0 22px 44px -16px rgb(0 0 0 / .8); }
      .pt-spread figure:first-child canvas { box-shadow: inset -14px 0 14px -14px rgb(0 0 0 / .18), 0 1px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / .5), 0 22px 44px -16px rgb(0 0 0 / .8); }
      .pt-spread figcaption { margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; font: 600 10px/1 system-ui, sans-serif;
        letter-spacing: .18em; text-transform: uppercase; color: #6c7079; }
      .pt-blank { visibility: hidden; }
      @media (max-width: 760px) {
        .pt-spread { flex-direction: column; gap: 32px; }
        .pt-spread figure { width: min(460px, 92vw); }
        .pt-blank { display: none; }
      }
    </style>`);
    document.body.insertAdjacentHTML('afterbegin',
      '<header id="pt-bar"><strong id="pt-title"></strong><span id="pt-status" role="status"></span><span id="pt-actions"></span></header>');
    document.getElementById('pt-title').textContent = document.title || 'Postext';
    addEventListener('error', (event) => kitFail(event.error ?? event.message));
    addEventListener('unhandledrejection', (event) => kitFail(event.reason));
  }
  if (title) document.getElementById('pt-title').textContent = title;
  return document.getElementById('pages')
    ?? document.body.appendChild(Object.assign(document.createElement('main'), { id: 'pages' }));
}

function kitStatus(text) {
  viewer();
  document.getElementById('pt-status').textContent = text;
}

function kitFail(error) {
  document.documentElement.dataset.postext = 'error';
  kitStatus(`Error: ${error?.message ?? error}`);
}

// ─── Kit · pdf v1 ── the same in every recipe that exports a PDF ──────────────
/** postext-pdf embeds TrueType bytes. Fetch the Fontsource file the screen
 *  used, snapping to a weight the family ships and falling back to upright
 *  when it has no italic: the PDF asks for every face a block could use. */
async function fontsourceProvider(family, weight, style) {
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  const meta = await fontsourceMeta(family);
  const weights = meta?.weights?.length ? meta.weights : [400, 700];
  const w = weights.reduce((a, b) => (Math.abs(b - weight) < Math.abs(a - weight) ? b : a));
  const s = style === 'italic' && meta && !meta.styles.includes('italic') ? 'normal' : style;
  const res = await fetch(`https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fontsource/${id}@5/files/${id}-latin-${w}-${s}.woff2`);
  if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`Fontsource has no ${family} ${w} ${s} (${res.status})`);
  return decompressWoff2(new Uint8Array(await res.arrayBuffer()));
}

/** A "Build the PDF" button in the bar. Once built: "Open the PDF" (a new
 *  tab, since CodePen's preview frame cannot show PDFs) and a download link. */
function offerPdf(makePdf, filename) {
  viewer();
  const button = Object.assign(document.createElement('button'), { type: 'button', textContent: 'Build the PDF' });
  button.dataset.postextPdf = filename;
  button.addEventListener('click', async () => {
    button.disabled = true;
    button.textContent = 'Building the PDF…';
    try {
      const bytes = await makePdf();
      const url = URL.createObjectURL(new Blob([bytes], { type: 'application/pdf' }));
      const size = `${Math.max(1, Math.round(bytes.length / 1024))} KB`;
      button.replaceWith(
        Object.assign(document.createElement('a'), { href: url, target: '_blank', rel: 'noopener', textContent: 'Open the PDF ↗' }),
        Object.assign(document.createElement('a'), { href: url, download: filename, textContent: `Download ${filename} · ${size}` }));
    } catch (error) {
      button.disabled = false;
      button.textContent = 'Build the PDF';
      kitFail(error);
    }
  });
  document.getElementById('pt-actions').append(button);
}

// ─── Kit · cjk v1 ── Chinese, Japanese and Korean books · postext.dev/cookbook ─
// Fontsource ships a CJK family as about a hundred files per weight, each
// declared in its stylesheet with the unicode-range it covers. The screen
// loads the files the sample touches; the PDF gets the same files for the
// characters its pages set in each face, and embeds each as a subset.
// A book bound on the right (vertical text) is shown with its spreads
// mirrored: page 1 alone on the left of the spine, then [3 | 2].

/** The files of a Fontsource face, read from its stylesheet: { url, range,
 *  ranges }, the last declared first (the order the browser tries them in). */
function cjkSlices(family, weight, style) {
  cjkSlices.cache ??= new Map();
  const id = fontsourceId(family);
  const css = `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fontsource/${id}@5/${weight}${style === 'italic' ? '-italic' : ''}.css`;
  if (!cjkSlices.cache.has(css)) {
    cjkSlices.cache.set(css, fetch(css)
      .then((res) => {
        if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`Fontsource has no ${family} ${weight} ${style} (${res.status})`);
        return res.text();
      })
      .then((text) => [...text.matchAll(/@font-face\s*{([^}]*)}/g)].map(([, rule]) => {
        const range = /unicode-range:\s*([^;]+);/.exec(rule)?.[1].trim() ?? 'U+0-10FFFF';
        const ranges = range.split(',').map((part) => {
          const [lo, hi = lo] = part.trim().slice(2).split('-');
          return [parseInt(lo, 16), parseInt(hi, 16)];
        });
        return { url: new URL(/url\(([^)]+?\.woff2)\)/.exec(rule)[1], css).href, range, ranges };
      }).reverse()));
  }
  return cjkSlices.cache.get(css);
}

/** The file of `slices` that holds code point `cp`, if any. */
function cjkSliceFor(slices, cp) {
  return slices.find((slice) => slice.ranges.some(([lo, hi]) => cp >= lo && cp <= hi));
}

/** Whether Fontsource serves `family` as a Chinese, Japanese or Korean
 *  family (its subsets name the script). Fails when the API does not
 *  answer: a CJK face taken for a Latin one would paint in a system face. */
async function isCjkFamily(family) {
  const meta = await fontsourceMeta(family);
  if (!meta) throw new Error(`api.fontsource.org did not describe ${family}: reload to try again`);
  return !!meta.subsets?.some((subset) => /^(chinese|japanese|korean)/.test(subset));
}

/** faces = { 'Noto Serif TC': ['400', '700'] }, as for loadFonts: the
 *  whole FONTS object may be passed, its other families are left to
 *  loadFonts. Adds one FontFace per file of each CJK face with its
 *  unicodeRange, then loads the files `text` touches. `text` is what the
 *  faces set: the sample for the text face; a book in several voices calls
 *  it once per voice (loadCjkFonts({ 'LXGW WenKai TC': ['400'] }, quotes)),
 *  so the heading and quotation faces fetch and check only their own
 *  characters. Fails when a character of `text` is in no file of a face.
 *  List every weight the pages use: a weight left to buildWithFonts gets
 *  the latin file only. With { vertical: true } it also loads each
 *  family's vertical forms (brackets, quotes, pause marks) for the canvas,
 *  which needs loadVerticalAlternates imported from postext. Resolves to
 *  the number of files loaded. */
async function loadCjkFonts(faces, text, { vertical = false } = {}) {
  kitStatus('Loading fonts…');
  let loaded = 0;
  try {
    if (vertical && typeof loadVerticalAlternates !== 'function') {
      throw new Error('loadCjkFonts(…, { vertical: true }) needs loadVerticalAlternates imported from postext');
    }
    for (const [family, specs] of Object.entries(faces)) {
      if (!(await isCjkFamily(family))) continue;
      const twin = [];
      for (const spec of new Set(specs)) {
        const weight = parseInt(spec, 10);
        const style = spec.endsWith('i') ? 'italic' : 'normal';
        const slices = await cjkSlices(family, weight, style);
        const missing = [...new Set(text)].filter((ch) => /\S/.test(ch) && !cjkSliceFor(slices, ch.codePointAt(0)));
        if (missing.length) {
          throw new Error(`${family} ${spec} has no file for ${missing.slice(0, 12).join(' ')}: `
            + `give each face the text it sets (loadCjkFonts({ '${family}': ['${spec}'] }, text))`);
        }
        for (const slice of slices) {
          document.fonts.add(new FontFace(family, `url(${slice.url}) format('woff2')`,
            { weight: String(weight), style, unicodeRange: slice.range }));
          twin.push({ source: slice.url, weight: String(weight), style, unicodeRange: slice.range });
        }
        const font = `${style === 'italic' ? 'italic ' : ''}${weight} 16px "${family}"`;
        loaded += (await document.fonts.load(font, text)).length;
        if (!document.fonts.check(font, text)) throw new Error(`${family} ${spec} did not load for the sample`);
      }
      // The same files under a twin name with the `vert` feature on: the
      // canvas paints the punctuation of vertical lines with it.
      if (vertical && twin.length) await loadVerticalAlternates(family, twin);
    }
  } catch (error) {
    kitFail(error);
    throw error;
  }
  return loaded;
}

/** The PDF font provider for recipes with CJK faces: a family whose
 *  Fontsource subsets are Chinese, Japanese or Korean gets the files that
 *  hold the characters its pages set (`request.codePoints`); any other
 *  family goes to fontsourceProvider (the "pdf" block). */
async function cjkPdfProvider(family, weight, style, request) {
  if (!(await isCjkFamily(family))) return fontsourceProvider(family, weight, style);
  const meta = await fontsourceMeta(family);
  const weights = meta.weights?.length ? meta.weights : [400, 700];
  const w = weights.reduce((a, b) => (Math.abs(b - weight) < Math.abs(a - weight) ? b : a));
  const s = style === 'italic' && !meta.styles.includes('italic') ? 'normal' : style;
  const slices = await cjkSlices(family, w, s);
  const picked = new Set();
  for (const cp of request?.codePoints ?? []) {
    const slice = cjkSliceFor(slices, cp);
    if (slice) picked.add(slice);
  }
  if (!picked.size) picked.add(slices[0]);
  return Promise.all(slices.filter((slice) => picked.has(slice)).map(async (slice) => {
    const res = await fetch(slice.url);
    if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`Fontsource file ${slice.url} (${res.status})`);
    return decompressWoff2(new Uint8Array(await res.arrayBuffer()));
  }));
}

/** showPages for a book bound on either edge. A right-bound book (the
 *  document says so: doc.binding is 'right' for page.binding 'right' and
 *  for vertical text) lies on the desk as it opens: page 1 alone on the
 *  left of the spine, then [3 | 2], the spine shade on each page's inner
 *  edge. `binding` ('left' | 'right') overrides the document's. */
function showBook(docs, { binding, ...options } = {}) {
  const count = showPages(docs, options);
  const right = (binding ?? [docs].flat()[0]?.binding) === 'right';
  if (!document.getElementById('pt-kit-cjk')) {
    // The pages keep direction ltr: a canvas draws text in the direction its
    // element inherits, and under rtl each run would end where the engine
    // starts it, its brackets mirrored.
    document.head.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', `<style id="pt-kit-cjk">
      .pt-spread[dir="rtl"] canvas { direction: ltr; }
      .pt-spread[dir="rtl"] figure:first-child canvas { box-shadow: inset 14px 0 14px -14px rgb(0 0 0 / .18),
        0 1px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / .5), 0 22px 44px -16px rgb(0 0 0 / .8); }
    </style>`);
  }
  // Each pair stays [verso, recto] in the page; right to left, the verso
  // sits on the right. Phones stack the pages in reading order either way.
  for (const spread of document.querySelectorAll('#pages > .pt-spread')) spread.dir = right ? 'rtl' : 'ltr';
  document.getElementById('pages').dataset.binding = right ? 'right' : 'left';
  return count;
}

// ─── /Kit ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

The composed script.js runs as it is: paste it into any page’s module script, or open the recipe on CodePen. Recipe folder on GitHub ↗

Variations

#Stand numbers of three digits upright too

With 3, the 268 and 115 of the notes take their cell without markup, and so would any article or page number up to 999; 1912 stays on its side.

-  uprightDigits: 2,
+  uprightDigits: 3,

#Turn every number on its side

With 0 no number stands upright by itself: 10月10日 turns like 1912, and only the marked 268, 115 and ROC still stand.

-  uprightDigits: 2,
+  uprightDigits: 0,

Pitfalls

Pitfall

Chinese faces load by slices, through the cjk block

Fontsource serves a Chinese, Japanese or Korean family as about a hundred files per weight, each covering a range of characters. loadFonts fetches only the latin file, so on screen the Han characters come from a system face and measure wrong, and fontsourceProvider hands the PDF that latin file, which prints them as empty boxes. List the cjk kit block, call loadCjkFonts(FONTS, markdown) after loadFonts (once per voice, with the text it sets, when the book uses several CJK faces) and give renderToPdf fontProvider: cjkPdfProvider: both take the files that hold the text's characters. Chinese, Japanese and Korean fonts →

Pitfall

Tag the document zh-Hans or zh-Hant, not with LANG

A recipe's editions are en and es, but a Chinese sample is Chinese in both: `locale: LANG` would tag it English or Spanish, hyphenate its Latin words, label its figures Figure or Figura and give the PDF the wrong language. Write the tag yourself: 'zh-Hans' (mainland conventions: GB line breaking, Kaiming punctuation) or 'zh-Hant' (Taiwan: full-width centred punctuation); 'zh-HK' for Hong Kong. A bare 'zh' reads as Simplified, mainland. Chinese line breaking →

Pitfall

A right-bound book shows its spreads with showBook

In a book bound on the right (vertical Chinese, or page.binding 'right') page 1 is still the recto, but it lies on the left of the spine, and the pairs read [3 | 2]. showPages lays every book out left-bound; showBook from the cjk block reads doc.binding and mirrors the pairs. capture.hero still names a spread in reading order, [verso, recto]: [2, 3]. Books bound on the right →

Pitfall

Any headings object switches off the H1 page break

By default an H1 breaks to a recto (always-odd), but passing any headings object resets that default, so chapters run on and span: 'page' does nothing. Restate headings.levels[0].breakBefore: { enabled: true, parity } in every config. Chapters that open on a recto →

Pitfall

A config is cached by identity: build a fresh object

The engine caches resolved configs by object identity, so changing a config in place and building again reuses the old result. Build a fresh object for every build, which is why a recipe's config is a factory: config(). Pages on a canvas →

Pitfall

Load every face before layout

Layout measures text with the faces the browser has loaded and caches the widths, so a face that arrives after the first build leaves wrong line breaks and a PDF that no longer matches the screen. Load every weight and style first, and call clearMeasurementCache() before rebuilding when one arrives late. Fonts before layout →

  • Noto Serif TC, as Fontsource serves it, has no 爲 or 敎: its stylesheet lists both, but no file holds a glyph for them. The 1912 printing of the constitution writes 為 and 教 in those forms. The canvas drew 敎 in a system face and the PDF had no glyph for it, which the capture reported (C25). The reader sets 為 and 教, brings 靑 and 决 to 青 and 決 with them, and its headnote says so.
  • LXGW WenKai TC, as Fontsource serves it, draws 即, 為, 青 and 教 in the older forms 卽, 爲, 靑 and 敎, which sit oddly beside the same characters in the Song text. The notes are worded without those four; only the headnote that lists the constitution's old forms wants them. Read the Kai text of your own notes at full size.
  • A number set sideways is spaced from the Chinese beside it like a Latin word, a quarter em on each side (cjk.latinSpacing), so the headnotes read 1912 年; a number in one cell takes no space, like a Chinese character.

Credits

Text
Fonts
Noto Serif TC (SIL OFL 1.1) · Noto Sans TC (SIL OFL 1.1) · LXGW WenKai TC (SIL OFL 1.1)

Edit this write-up ↗Recipe folder on GitHub ↗

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